Global Typical Projects of Connected Autonomous Driving

This article is translated from Report ITU-R M.2534-0 (09/2023) "Connected Automated Vehicles". We apologize for any inaccuracies in the translation.

1. Typical European CAV Projects

(1) 5G NetMobil

5G NetMobil is a research project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The main goal of the 5G NetMobil project is to develop a comprehensive radio communication infrastructure for tactile connected driving and to demonstrate the advantages of tactile connected driving in terms of traffic safety, traffic efficiency and environmental impact compared to automated driving based only on local sensor data . While automated driving already promises more comfort and safety, tactile connected driving enables new driving strategies that further improve road traffic safety through better road traffic utilization and reduced risk of traffic jams and accidents, significantly reduce CO2 emissions and significantly increase road traffic efficiency. The additional networking possibilities will eliminate the fundamental limitation of today's automated driving systems , which only use information obtained from locally installed on-board sensors for vehicle control and whose decision-making scope is greatly limited because the sensor technology used , especially radar and camera sensors, limits the "visibility of the vehicle". The sensors of all vehicles as well as environmental sensors or existing infrastructure (e.g. surveillance cameras at intersections or highways , weather sensors at geographical locations, etc.) can be virtually combined in a network, which helps to make better decisions, in particular by providing information about areas and scenes that are still far away from the vehicle but relevant for navigation. Direct radio communication between vehicles also expands their field of view and enables new use cases, thus increasing efficiency and comfort. The information obtained in this way can be made available to all vehicles by a central decision-making authority and can therefore be used to control and regulate local actuators . For the resulting control loops, a transmission latency of a few milliseconds to real time is necessary.

(2) ADAS & ME

ADAS&ME is an acronym for "Adaptive ADAS supporting incapable drivers with effective risk mitigation in automated driving conditions through customized HMI". The ADAS developed in this project combines driver/cyclist status, situational/environmental context and adaptive HMI to automatically switch between different levels of automated driving, thus ensuring safer and more efficient use of the road for all vehicle types (conventional and electric vehicles , trucks, buses, motorcycles). The ADAS&ME project uses cooperative awareness and collective perception to obtain "situational context" for the driver to assess the driving difficulty at any time. Standardized CAM (Cooperative Awareness Message) and CPM (Collective Perception Message) (currently being standardized in ETSI) are used to achieve this. In addition, for its passenger car use case, ADAS&ME uses a basic MCM (Manoeuvre Coordination Message) for very basic coordination of operations. The messages CAM, CPM and MCM are exchanged via standard ITS G5 technology. In addition, cellular radio communication is used to obtain information (such as driving difficulty from a road layout point of view) from cloud-based entities. The main passenger car use case of ADAS&ME is "Unresponsive Driver Emergency Operation". The vehicle must hand control back to the driver due to obstacles/roadworks, but when the driver is incapacitated or distracted, the vehicle needs to perform emergency maneuvers such as, • Coordinated safety stop: The vehicle performs a safety stop by coordinating with adjacent vehicles to leave space • e-towing: The vehicle moves in line with adjacent vehicles and drives behind them as if being towed.

(3) AutoNet2030

AutoNet2030 will develop and test cooperative automated driving technologies based on a decentralized decision-making strategy enabled by mutual information sharing between nearby vehicles. The project targets a deployment timeframe of 2020-2030, taking into account the previously anticipated introduction of cooperative communication systems and sensor-based lane keeping/cruise control technologies. By taking this approach, a strategy for the gradual introduction of fully automated driving systems can be developed, which maximizes the use of widely available cooperative radio communication systems in the short term and makes the deployment of fully automated driving systems beneficial to all drivers from the earliest stages. Inter-vehicle cooperation is not only intended to extend to automated vehicles, but also to manually driven vehicles. Drivers should receive steering instructions on their HMI; the ergonomics and non-intrusiveness of this new user interface should be verified. The system is designed to make safe, predictable and efficient steering decisions. The technologies developed in AutoNet2030 were validated through driving tests and simulation tools. The final results were announced in October 2016.

(4) ICT4CART

In line with the EU vision, ICT4CART is providing the information and communication technology infrastructure to enable the transition to automation in road transport. To achieve this high-level goal, ICT4CART will bring together, adapt and improve advanced technologies from different industries such as telecommunications, automotive and IT. It uses a hybrid radio communication approach, integrating all the main wireless technologies , namely cellular and ITS G5, under a flexible network architecture. This architecture will ensure performance and resilience for different use case groups according to the needs of higher levels of autonomous driving (L3 and L4). In addition to this, a distributed IT environment for data aggregation and analysis is implemented. This provides seamless integration and exchange of data and services between all the different players, enabling third parties to develop and provide innovative services, thus creating new business opportunities. Cybersecurity and data privacy aspects are fully considered throughout the entire ICT infrastructure. In addition, new precise positioning services are proposed, especially in complex areas (e.g. cities), leveraging the cellular network and information from other sources, such as on-board sensors. To achieve its objectives, ICT4CART does not adopt generic solutions of questionable impact, but builds on four specific high-value use cases (urban and highway) that were demonstrated and validated under real conditions in test sites in Austria, Germany, Italy and the Italian-Austrian border.

(5) iKoPA

In the iKoPA project, an integrated cooperation platform for autonomous electric vehicles was developed. The innovative concept of iKoPA integrates three different radio communication technologies, ITS-G5, Digital Audio Broadcasting + (DAB+) and mobile Internet via cellular networks. In iKoPA, autonomous driving as well as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) with a highly flexible architecture that integrates different radio communication technologies and different levels of autonomous driving are addressed. An important aspect of the iKoPA project is the assistance of autonomous electric vehicles via radio communication. Autonomous electric vehicles can receive information about available charging points in their environment, along the planned route or in the destination area. Once the autonomous vehicle reaches the charging point, authorization, authentication and billing are carried out via vehicle radio communication. In addition to the charging infrastructure, the iKoPA platform also integrates the traffic light system. Thus, using ADAS such as Green Light Optimized Speed ​​Advisory (GLOSA), electric vehicle energy consumption can be optimized. A major aspect of iKoPA is secure radio communication and authentication in the vehicle network. Therefore, a set of messages was developed that allows secure authentication in parking lots or charging infrastructure. One of the results of iKoPA is that the system allows autonomous vehicles to charge in a fully automated manner, taking into account all aspects of the charging process. The iKoPA platform allows autonomous electric vehicles to enter a parking lot with charging infrastructure, drive to a free charging point, and perform the charging process, including the billing process.

(6) IMAGinE

The IMAGinE (Intelligent Maneuvering Automation – Cooperative Avoidance in Real Time) project develops innovative driver assistance systems for cooperative driving, i.e. road traffic behaviour in which road users cooperate to plan and execute driving manoeuvres. Based on the automatic exchange of information between vehicles and infrastructure, individual driving behaviour is coordinated with other road users and the overall traffic situation. Critical situations can be avoided or mitigated, making driving safer and more efficient. Radio communication technology enables vehicles to exchange information about objects detected by on-board sensors with other vehicles in real time, thus providing the technical basis for collective environmental perception. Intuitive human-machine interaction concepts ensure a high level of user acceptance of these technologies. IMAGinE uses advanced simulation systems to analyse to what extent cooperative driving improves traffic efficiency. The IMAGinE project consortium consists of 12 German partners, bringing together leading companies from the automotive industry, small and medium-sized enterprises specialising in simulation, an academic institution and a public road management company. IMAGinE is funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy.