Single chip microcomputer and IC card related information

1. IC Introduction

　　With the development of VLSI, the IC is embedded in a card similar to a credit card, which is called an IC card; and the microcontroller is also embedded in it, which is called a smart card, a smart card or a smart card (Smard Card). Therefore, IC cards can also be called card-type microcontrollers.
　　
　　IC cards can be roughly divided into the following four types according to their structure and application characteristics:
　　
　　1. Memory card
　　
　　Memory card replaces the magnetic stripe of a magnetic card with a semiconductor memory , and its function is similar to that of a magnetic card. The integrated circuit can be ROM, PROM, EPROM, EE PROM and RAM (with battery). Due to the development and widespread application of electrically rewritable E2 PROM, memory cards containing Ez PROM are the development direction of memory cards. Memory cards can be added with simple passwords, so the reliability and confidentiality are higher than magnetic cards. Figure 1-111 is a 256-byte E2 PROM memory card PCB 2032/42 structure diagram.

　　The memory card contains 256 bytes of EEPROM for read/write information and 32 bytes of write protection area for storing permanent data that will not be rewritten. In addition, some memory cards also have confidentiality functions, such as ATMEL's 128-byte AT102 EE PROM IC card.
　　
　　2. Debit Card
　　
　　Debit Card is actually a type of memory card. This type of IC card uses prepayment, and the corresponding amount is deducted when it is used later. When using this IC card, you can only subtract but not add. After the amount in the card is deducted, you can buy a new card (rewrite the amount). Figure 1-112 is the structure diagram of the 104-bit E2 PROM debit card PCF 7960.

　　The 104 bits of the card are divided into three parts: 24 bits are identification code data (IC-Indenification Code data). 40 bits are read-only card  data, and 40 bits are debit data. Among them, bits 72 to 103 are counter values ​​that can be bit-written and byte-erased, and the maximum counter value is 3×84-12 288 bits.
　　
　　3. Smart Card
　　
　　Smart Card (Smard Card) not only embeds memory, but also has a CPU. In addition to having large-capacity storage, it also has intelligent functions such as confidentiality and identification, as shown in Figure 1-113. This type of card can be divided into contact type as shown in Figure 1-113 and contactless type as shown in Figure 1-116. Smart card is the development direction of IC card, and is currently mainly used in banks, finance, POS systems, and information management and access systems.
　　
　　4. Crypto Card
　　
　　Crypto Card is also a type of smart card. Based on the smart card, this IC card is embedded with a hardware cryptographic calculation unit to meet the requirements of the RSA cryptographic algorithm. Password cards can meet the requirements of public password systems and open networks. They are high-performance smart cards developed in recent years.
　　
　　IC cards have the characteristics of large storage capacity and strong confidentiality. Therefore, they can not only replace magnetic cards, but also have a wider range of applications: pay phones (public phone cards); banking and financial systems (bank cards); health care systems (health cards); sales and consumption ( electricity meter charges, car refueling) - consumer cards; university and enterprise management (company/campus cards); pay TV (Pay TV card); parking, access control management} customs electronic passports, ID cards; electronic monthly tickets for buses and subways; automatic vehicle toll collection on highways, tunnels, and bridges; legal access to public database systems.
　　
　　Compared with magnetic cards, IC cards have the following characteristics:
　　
　　① Large storage capacity, up to 10 KB, much more than the storage capacity of magnetic cards; good confidentiality and security, which is unmatched by magnetic cards; IC card read/write reliability is much higher than magnetic cards.
　　
　　② IC card (intelligent) is an independent computer that can be used without real-time networking. This is more realistic in the case of backward communication equipment in China.
　　
　　③ One card for multiple purposes, such as a company card can be used for consumption (eating, shopping), attendance, borrowing books, borrowing equipment and for data management, etc.
　　
　　④ The price of IC card is much higher than that of magnetic card, so it is difficult to promote and apply it.

2. IC card and single chip microcomputer

　　IC card is a single-chip microcomputer chip packaged on a card, that is, a single-chip microcomputer with EE PROM is used in the form of a chip.
　　
　　MOTOROLA, SGS, OKI, HITACHI, SIEMENS, PHILIPS and ATMEI. Companies such as these have corresponding single-chip microcomputers for smart cards. In principle, any single-chip microcomputer with EE PROM can be used as a smart card. Table 1-30 lists the performance of these single-chip microcomputers.

　　Figure 1-114 is the system structure diagram of the 68HC05SC24, the most widely used smart card microcontroller. As can be seen from the figure, its structure is exactly the same as that of the M68HC05 series microcontroller, except that the Ez PROM on the chip has a larger capacity and is equipped with a corresponding charge pump mechanism (Charge Pump) required by the Ez PROM.

　　
　　As people's requirements for smart card passwords continue to increase, password cards have also come into being. PHILIPS Company launched the 83C852 microcontroller with a password calculation unit earlier. As shown in Figure 1-115, it uses 80C51 as the core. The ROM is 6KB. The RAM is 256 bytes, and the EE PROM is 2 KB. In addition, it also has a high-speed hardware calculation decoder for 512-bit RSA passwords , and its algorithm is Xe(mod N)R= [(Y.X)+A]. The public algorithm takes 440,000 years to calculate the password, while the 83C852 microcontroller only takes 1.5 seconds to complete the password calculation (in the past, if it was implemented by software, it would take at least 1 minute).
　　
　　Recently, in order to make the application of smart cards more convenient, contactless photoelectric coupling is used to replace the 8-point contact method of ISO-7816. The contactless smart card (Contactless Smart Card) is shown in Figure 1-116. The coil in the figure can be implemented using a printed circuit board coil. Contactless smart cards are a new generation of IC cards. Hong Kong's subway has replaced the magnetic card that has been used for many years with contactless smart cards.
　　
　　Table 1-31 and Table 1-32 list the market share of IC card chips of various companies and the technical status of IC card chips respectively.

3. Development and application of IC cards

　　IC card is to make a module with 8 contacts of gold-plated copper sheet by making a single-chip microcomputer (or EE PROM) chip, and then dig a hole in PVC (or ABS) plastic card, and then embed the module into the hole. Although IC card and commonly used single-chip microcomputer (or EzPROM) are only different in packaging form, the development and application are also different due to the different forms.
　　
　　Memory card is just to encapsulate the E2 PROM chip of serial interface (such as I2C bus) on the card. Therefore, the development and application of memory card is very convenient, and it can access information through the contacts on IC card according to IIC bus protocol like conventional serial EE PROM chip.
　　
　　Although smart card is just to encapsulate the single-chip microcomputer chip on the card, the development and application of smart card is much more complicated than memory card. The access of smart card information is also the same as memory card in form, and the data is serially read/written through the contacts of the card reader. Since the E2 PROM of the smart card is in the single-chip microcomputer, the reading/writing of the smart card must be performed through the single-chip microcomputer operation; at the same time, the password access of the smart card must also be authenticated by the single-chip microcomputer before the information can be legally accessed. Therefore, the ROM in the single-chip microcomputer of the smart card must be programmed with the chip operating system ( Chip  Card Operating System, different from the commonly known computer operating system) and the password algorithm for IC card reading/writing. The development of the single-chip microcomputer of the smart IC card can be developed and programmed like the development of the conventional single-chip microcomputer, first using an online emulator or a software verification board to develop and program, and the developed one can be masked, and the masked chip can be used as the chip in the smart card.
　　
　　In order to facilitate the development and application of IC cards, the International Organization for Standardization ISO has formulated the following standards:
　　
　　●7816-1: Physical properties of IC cards, such as hardness, toughness and bending resistance;
　　
　　●7816-2: Dimensions of IC cards and the location of contact points;
　　
　　●7816-3: Electrical signals of IC cards, such as the definition of electrical signals, voltage , current , operating frequency and transmission protocol at startup;
　　
　　●7816-4: Inter-industry commands used by IC cards for international exchange;
　　
　　●7816-5: Numbering and registration process for IC card application identification;
　　
　　●7816-6: Data elements used by IC cards for inter-industry exchanges.
　　
　　Among them: the first three parts are used to formulate IC card standards, which have been basically standardized; the last three parts are used for application and are still being improved. In addition, according to different application fields, ISO is also formulating different application standards. For example, ISO-9992, a financial application standard, formulates the life cycle , transaction process, password key relationship, application module, IC card password algorithm and IC card security verification of IC cards.
　　
　　The development and application of smart IC cards is slightly different from that of conventional microcontrollers. The early development of IC cards (electrical signal operation of the IC card part in 7816-3, card operating system and password algorithm, etc.) is first developed by IC card manufacturers, and its development process is similar to the development process of conventional single-chip microcomputers. After the program mask is developed, it is made into a module and embedded in the card to form an IC card for users to develop and apply again. As shown in Figure 1-117, the life cycle of IC is divided into four stages: manufacturing period, formatting period, use period and end period. The manufacturing period is completed during the manufacturing of the IC card manufacturer; the formatting period is when the card issuer (such as a bank) performs personalization and formatting according to the application with the support of the manufacturer; the use period is when the card holder (such as a customer) uses the IC card to access information for application; the end period is when the IC card expires or the storage area is full, it expires and locks.
　　
　　In the above development, the card operating system is the key. It has the following functions:
　　
　　● Data transmission management According to the asynchronous half-duplex protocol in 7816-3, the data transmission electrical signals between the IC card and the card terminal equipment are managed.
　　
　　● Confidential information management Password data transmission, information encryption/decryption and verification processing.
　　
　　● Application management: Logical channel management, multi-task processing and management in applications.
　　
　　● File management: The operating system consists of several MF (master files), DF (dedicated files) and EF (basic files), and
　　
　　information is accessed through file management.
　　
　　● Memory management: Installation management, verification and calculation of files and applications, and management of free storage areas.
　　
　　● Key management: Keys are recorded in files, and the storage, addressing and identification of keys are also included.
　　
　　● Command management: Command processing and management of 7816-4 cards and terminal devices are supported.
　　
　　IC cards are widely used, especially in Europe. Internationally, IC cards are mainly used in finance, telecommunications, and medical care.
　　
　　International IC card manufacturers are mainly in Europe, and most of them are in France, such as Bull, SCHLUM-BERGER, Gemplus, SIEMENS, and PHILIPS. Tables 1-33 to 1-37 show these IC card series.

　　The application of IC cards in China began in 1994 and has been very extensive so far, with many application systems.
　　
　　The development and application of smart IC cards are currently mainly carried out under the guidance of government departments:
　　
　　● Bank cards Shanghai Pudong Development Bank's Oriental Card uses Bull's IC card.
　　
　　● Golden Tax Card uses large-capacity smart IC cards according to China's new tax system.
　　
　　● Mobile phone cards China's GSM cards use SCHLUMBERGER's IC cards.
　　
　　Since there are certain requirements for the development platform of smart IC cards and the scale of application must be a certain amount, the cost of smart IC cards is also relatively high. Therefore, in addition to the above-mentioned large-scale applications, there are fewer applications in other areas, and the scale is not large. However, smart IC cards should be the direction of IC card application. Therefore, while establishing an IC card production base, the research and development of IC card operating systems, IC card development platforms and IC card equipment should be strengthened. In this way, there is no need to spend a high cost to purchase IC card development systems, thereby accelerating the development and application of smart IC cards in China.
　　
　　E2 PROM IC cards are easy to develop and the cost of the card is relatively low, so this type of IC card is currently being developed and applied more in China. ATMEL's AT102 (encrypted 1K bits) was used earlier and more widely in China. For example:
　　
　　● Company/campus cards for company/school management, attendance, canteens, canteens, etc.
　　
　　● Transportation cards such as electronic monthly tickets, parking, refueling, highway tolls, etc.
　　
　　● Telecommunications cards such as phone cards.
　　
　　● Utility fee cards such as electricity meter cards, gas cards, water meter cards, etc.
　　
　　● Pay TV cards charge for certain channels on cable TV.
　　
　　According to China's situation, the application of IC cards can be combined with the central and local governments, and both the application development of smart IC cards and
　　
　　the application of E2 PROM IC cards can be vigorously promoted. After the application reaches a certain scale, it will gradually develop towards the application of smart IC cards (Ez PROM IC cards can still be widely used in some fields), and focus on non-financial applications.
　　
　　The application of IC cards has its own particularity, especially the high cost of development, so it is best not to rush into it. However, as long as it can be guided correctly, the application of IC cards will bear fruit in China. In particular, it will achieve distinctive applications in the following areas:
　　
　　●Financial cards Due to the poor communication lines in China, it takes a long time to use magnetic cards in stores. Smart IC cards can be used for on-the-spot consumption and settlement, which can replace the use of magnetic cards.
　　
　　●Pay TV cards There are hundreds of millions of TV viewers in China, and the application in this area has obvious benefits.
　　
　　●Identity data cards such as ID cards (fingerprints and signature passwords can be stored in the card), health cards, electronic passports, etc., their
　　
　　application is particularly meaningful in China.