Basic knowledge of integrated circuits

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Basic knowledge of integrated circuits [Copy link]

Basic knowledge of integrated circuits

　　　Since the invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of this century, electronic devices have gone through five generations of development. The birth of integrated circuits (ICs) has brought about an epoch-making revolution in electronic technology. It is the foundation of modern electronic technology and computer development, and is also a symbol of the development of microelectronics technology.
　　There is currently no strict and precise definition of the scale of integrated circuits in the world. In the process of development, people gradually formed a seemingly consistent division opinion, using the number of logic gate circuits or transistors contained on the chip as the division mark. Generally, people call integrated circuits containing 100 components or less than 10 logic gates on a single chip small-scale integrated circuits; and those with more than 100 and less than 1,000 components, or more than 10 and less than 100 logic gates are called medium-scale integrated circuits; those with 100-100,000 gates are called large-scale integrated circuits (LSI), and those with more than 5,000 gates or more than 100,000 components are called very large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI).

　　The initial idea of circuit integration was proposed by British scientist Damer in 1952, shortly after the rise of transistors. He envisioned that according to the requirements of electronic circuits, the transistors and diodes contained in a circuit, as well as other necessary components, would be integrated on a semiconductor chip to form a circuit with predetermined functions.

　　In 1958, Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, made the world's first integrated circuit according to the above idea. He used a semiconductor single crystal silicon to make a phase-shift oscillator. The four components contained in this oscillator no longer needed to be connected by metal wires. The silicon rod itself was used as the material of the electronic components and formed the path connecting them.

　　In the same year, another famous American company, Fairchild Electronics, also announced that it had successfully developed integrated circuits. The new process for making micro transistors invented by Herni and others in the company, the "planar process", was applied to the production of integrated circuits, allowing integrated circuits to quickly move from the laboratory development and testing stage to the industrial production stage.

　　In 1959, Texas Instruments first announced the completion of the world's first integrated circuit production line. In 1962, the world's first integrated circuit was officially commercialized. This heralded the official arrival of the third generation of electronic devices on the electronics stage.

　　Soon, a wave of integrated circuit research and development swept the world. The typical silicon chip in the early days was 1.25 mm square. In the early 1960s, the number of components on each silicon chip of integrated circuit products that appeared internationally was about 100; in 1967, it had reached 1,000 transistors, which marked the beginning of the large-scale integration stage; by 1976, it had developed to integrate more than 10,000 transistors on a chip; since the 1980s, large-scale integrated circuits with tens of thousands of transistors on a silicon chip have become common, and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits are developing. Today, the fifth generation of products has appeared, and the number of transistors integrated on a silicon chip of less than 50 square millimeters has surged to more than 2 million.

fengrenyi

Are there any other models that can replace the ULN2004AN integrated circuit?

lyh94229

Is 2803 OK?