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What kind of electrical architecture is required for autonomous commercial vehicles?

Latest update time:2022-04-06
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Foreword:


The intelligence of vehicles will also drive the intelligence of electrical architecture, and the intelligent electrical architecture will in turn promote the development of vehicle intelligence. This future will also be realized by our generation of car people.


This article will take autonomous driving technology, or the challenges that intelligence brings to traditional commercial vehicle electrical architecture as the starting point, to analyze how intelligence drives the development of commercial vehicle electrical architecture , and how intelligent electrical architecture serves as the vehicle's infrastructure. What impact will it have on the commercial vehicle industry? For example, the improvement of OEM software capabilities and brand value; for example, promoting the transformation of OEM from vehicle manufacturer to service provider, etc.


Friends who are engaged in autonomous driving of commercial vehicles may have been focusing on sensors, chips, algorithms, etc., and do not know much about the electrical architecture of commercial vehicles. This article will popularize some basic truck electrical principles, including power distribution boxes, electrical controls, wiring harnesses, etc., so that everyone can better understand it. In this way, at least everyone will not be regarded as a "newbie" when doing technical docking with OEMs. Or it can be of some use when you encounter a problem and need to "tear it up", which can be regarded as a little value of this article.


There are so many articles talking about the electronic and electrical architecture of vehicles nowadays that it can be said that they are overwhelming. Anyone in the automotive industry can tell you a few words about architecture. However, the author believes that most of the architectures currently talked about are more fictitious, less practical, and more theoretical. There are few people who can guide you to achieve success. The author has also participated in many similar meetings, and everyone repeatedly quoted Bosch's picture, which often refers to computing power, 10G Ethernet, and central computing. It seems that without these, the architecture cannot be played.


In addition, commercial vehicle architecture seems to have been selectively ignored by everyone. The author has always believed that commercial vehicles, not passenger cars, will be the first to implement high-level autonomous driving technology. In the previous article "Why does Tesla "kill" fuses and relays? 》In the article, we have conducted an in-depth analysis of traditional power distribution and intelligent power distribution technologies. Although some commercial vehicles are involved, the focus is still on passenger cars. Based on the previous article, this article will focus on the electrical architecture of commercial vehicles.


Vehicle electronic and electrical architecture EEA (Electronic Electrical Architecture) generally refers to the collection of network topology, electrical topology and logical architecture. Traditional electrical architecture only focuses on electrical topology, while intelligent electrical architecture based on MOS technology can integrate network and logical topology, which further Blurring the boundaries between electronics and electrical.


Let’s talk about the electrification of vehicles by the way. Both the electronics and electrification of vehicles are in progress. Electrification is the first step towards intelligence. Only when they are electrified can they become electronic and then intelligent.


In fact, the essence of intelligence is controllable, perceptible, and evolvable. In professional terms, it means controllable, diagnosable, programmable/configurable, and networkable. From the cable control of the aircraft to fly-by-wire control, to the now popular wire-controlled chassis, from relying on human power (mechanical) for steering and braking to electric power assist (electrical) to wire-controlled (intelligent), the overall development idea is the same . The foundation of intelligence and networking is electronic. Let’s take the main power switch of a truck as an example:


The development trend of electrification, electronics and intelligence (Source: Zuo Chenggang)


In the future, what can be electrified will definitely be electrified, and electrical components that can be electronic will also be electronic. The boundaries between electronics and electrical will become increasingly blurred. There is me in you and you in me, but the direction of intelligence remains unchanged. of.


We've gone too far, let's bring it back. According to convention, when we analyze something, we must analyze its past and present lives. Let’s first popularize the basic characteristics of commercial vehicles so that everyone can understand them, and then look at the development history of commercial vehicle electrical architecture.



one. Basic characteristics of commercial vehicles

Friends who are engaged in passenger cars may not know much about commercial vehicles. The overall electronic and electrical technology of commercial vehicles lags behind that of passenger cars. The author summarizes some characteristics of commercial vehicles:


Dongfeng Tianlong sales (source: Dongfeng Commercial Vehicles)


01
Long running time


Although the design life cycle is 15 years, the operating time of commercial vehicles is much longer than that of passenger vehicles. Commercial vehicles are used to make money. In addition to loading and unloading goods, they are just running. If they are left parked, they will lose money. Moreover, many of them are bought with loans. More than 70% of the trucks in China are self-employed. When traveling long distances, two people take turns driving.


02
High reliability requirements


When a passenger car breaks down, it's a waste of time; when a truck breaks down, it's a waste of money.


03
Many models, small number of single models


Globally, the number of commercial vehicles is less than 1/2 of passenger cars, and in China it is about 1/4; in addition, there are many subdivided models of commercial vehicles. Taking Dongfeng Tianlong as an example, Dongfeng Tianlong has sold a total of 1.04 million vehicles in 15 years, with 1,172 subdivided models. On average, there are less than 900 units of each model, and less than 60 units a year.


Because of the small quantity, Tier 1 is not easy to cooperate with new developments, which will cause many problems. For example, the design cannot be customized like passenger cars, and only generic products can be used. "Universal product" means "can be used, but not easy to use", and can only be used improvised, because the needs of different models may vary greatly, requiring many design changes. For example, if a universal design signal is high and you want to change it to low, you can't ask Tier 1 to change it for you. It's too late for you to change it. It's better to add a relay yourself to make it faster.


04
Large electrical design margin and high cost


Because many models are taken into consideration during design, versatility and compatibility design are very important, which will lead to large design margins and reservations, and the cost will increase accordingly.


The design of commercial vehicle wiring harness takes into account mechanical strength and reliability. Generally, it is not lower than 0.5mm2, and passenger cars even start at 0.75mm2. Wire harness cost accounting is relatively extensive and not refined enough - wire harnesses are labor-intensive products. Because they are small in quantity and require many changes, it is difficult for the wire harness factory to calculate costs and may simply calculate them based on weight.


05
Electrical design is more extensive


Because there are many models and load types, and the uncertainty is high, it is impossible and unqualified to carry out refined design. For some loads, even the suppliers themselves do not understand their electrical characteristics.


06
Vehicle parts and components are in high demand


Commercial vehicles, especially tractors, have more vehicle parts than passenger cars. There are many more lights than passenger cars. There are also many parts and requirements that passenger cars simply don’t have, such as retarder. Like many friends who may see urea selling urea at a gas station and wonder what it is used for, it is actually used for truck after-treatment.


07
There are many user modification needs, and electrical safety hazards are great.


Commercial vehicles, especially trucks and buses, have a great demand for modification by users. Adding a parking air conditioner to trucks and changing lights are all routine operations.


08
Slow adoption of new technologies


The electrical environment of commercial vehicles is complex, and overall it is worse than that of passenger vehicles. The level of electronics and intelligence is low, and the application of new technologies is slow. For example, PEPS, which is common in passenger cars, can be started with one click, and the number of trucks loaded is very small.


09
Short modification cycle and heavy tasks


新车型小改一下,周期可能就是几个月,更改验证的工作量很大。在这里要心疼一下搞商用车的小伙伴们,你们心里苦啊,这个苦是搞乘用车的人体会不到的,希望未来的智能电气架构能够拯救你们一下。


车型

寿命

运行时间

停车

时间

启动次数

公里数

质保

乘用车

15 年 /131400 小时

10,000小时

约2 小时/天

121,400 小时

10万次冷启动,其中

1/30为热启动,约20 次/天

50万 Km

3 years/ 60,000km

卡车

15 年 / 131400 小时

50,000小时,约8 小时/天

81,400 小时

10万次冷启动,其中

1/30为热启动,约20 次/天

2,00万Km。

拖车4,00万Km,约6万Km/月

18个月/

5万Km(*依OEM及车型有差异)

整车生命周期维度对比(来源:英飞凌)




二.传统商用车的电气架构


好了,大家已经对商用车有了一个初步的了解,书归正传,我们看一下传统商用车的电气架构,其主体就是配电盒。按老规矩,先上图,这样方便大家有个直观感受。

卡车底盘配电盒(来源:网络)

卡车驾驶室配电盒(来源:网络)


是不是感觉没一点技术回含量?傻大黑粗,构造简单,一点都不高科技,一堆的保险丝和继电器,淘宝上都有卖的,底盘配电盒一百多块钱,还包邮。但你可别小看它,整车所有的电源和大多数控制都来自于这里,给你列一些看看:


配电盒

属性

保险丝/继电器

电流

功能

底盘

B+

保险丝

30A

遥控门锁

底盘

30+

保险丝

80A

发电机

底盘

30+

保险丝

30A

发动机ECU

驾驶室

IGN1

保险丝

5A

发动机ON

驾驶室

30+

保险丝+继电器

10A

远光灯

驾驶室

30+

保险丝

15A

ABS

保险盒功能举例


看到没?无论哪一个出问题,你的车就跑不了了。


卡车的配电盒和乘用车差不多,一般都是分前后两级:一级装在蓄电池边上,一般都有一个手动电源总开关,长时间停车需要关掉,避免耗电,否则,蓄电池一旦亏电,下次就启动不了了;二级配电盒装在驾驶室里面,也叫驾驶室配电盒,或者中央配电盒。


下面我们再看它的电气原理,你只要初中物理还没还给老师,应该就能看懂。

传统卡车配电盒电气原理简图(来源:左成钢)


我们来解释一下基础的东西:


1. 商用车蓄电池电源一般分两种,直接连蓄电池的叫B+,也叫常电,类似于乘用车的常电KL30,除了拆电瓶线或蓄电池,永远有电,无法关闭。

2. 经电源总开关的叫30+,也叫总闸电、受控电,合上电源总开关就有电,关掉总开关就没有了。Tier 1的小伙伴们不要和乘用车的KL30搞混了,如果你想要停车后还有电,而OEM图纸上写的是30+,那你就要再确认一下了。

3. 商用车因为底盘配电盒距离驾驶室较远,点火锁档位(OFF、ACC、ON、START)的分电继电器(图中蓝框虚线部分)很多就放到了驾驶室配电盒里面,这样离点火锁更近,拉的线就更近了。

4. 比起乘用车的发动机舱配电盒,商用车底盘配电盒一般东西不多,都是大板式保险,很多连继电器都没有。当然了,这个因车型而异,底盘功能多的,配电盒也就复杂些,不能一概而论。

5. 底盘配电盒拉到驾驶室会有很多根电源线,包括B+和30+,考虑到电流和强度,一般都是到4mm2~6mm2的,到驾驶室配电盒再经不同的小保险丝分出去给负载供电,需要控制就再加继电器。底盘配电盒就像小区的配电柜,驾驶室配电盒就像家里的弱电配电箱,你家里进线也就是一根4平方线,但是驾驶室有好多根。


分析完了传统商用车的电气架构,大家是不是觉着这就不是个架构啊?这就是个配电啊!没错,你有这种感觉那就对了。


前面咱也说了,技术要一点点进步,饭要一口口吃。就基于这个现状,你就想上区架构、中央计算?肯定不行!基于目前商用车电气架构的现状,我们要先建设一些基础设施,而电气架构就是这个基础设施。




三.自动驾驶需要什么样的电气架构?


好了,传统电气架构(姑且称其为架构吧)已经分析完了,那么它能够满足未来智能化的需求吗?自动驾驶需要什么样的电气架构呢?


你会说“这不废话吗,肯定是需要智能电气架构啊”。前面我说过, 所有不以真实功能需求驱动的技术,都是耍流氓,我们不能为了智能化而智能化,功能需求肯定是第一驱动力。


我们转换一下角色,从自动驾驶的角度出发,看它的核心需求是什么?最后你会发现,其实只有四个字: 安全可控 ;安全、可控是基本需求,可控还包含了功能需求。因为车上有人,而路上也有人,所以 “安全可控”四个字我们可以称之为自动驾驶的“元需求” ,基于这个需求,我们可以推导出来以下需求:


1. 为了安全,需要增加冗余,包括供电冗余和控制冗余;
2. 为了安全,可能要采用更安全的新技术方案替代现有技术方案;
3. 为了可靠,需要实时监控,能监控的维度越多越好;
4. 有了监控,就需要故障预警、故障诊断,为了故障预警和诊断,就需要联网;
5. 为了安全可靠,还需要做到可控,比如故障线路的及时切断、隔离,以及故障解除后的功能自动恢复;
6. 为了可控,以前不需要控制的,现在需要控制了;
7. 为了功能持续迭代,还需要支持OTA升级;
8. 为了满足潜在的功能不确定性,就需要回路单独可控,进而才能支持可配置、可编程、可升级、可迭代。


好了,分析到这里,小伙伴们有没有发现,这和前面我们讲的“电气化 → 电子化 → 智能化”最后提炼出来的“可感知、可控制、可进化”,其本质是一样的?如果一个架构具备了以上特征,那我们就可以称其为“ 安全的智能电气架构 ”了,毕竟谁也不希望时速120Km时断电吧。


好,有了具体需求了,我们再继续分析,怎么来实现这个智能电气架构。


常规做法一般是基于现有电气架构,看怎么进行升级改造,使其满足我们的需求。前面我们已经对现有电气架构进行过分析了,我们看一下怎么对其进行 升级改造


1. 冗余供电:多加个保险;
2. 冗余控制:多加个继电器;
3. 线路单独可控:需要的都加上继电器;
4. 实时监控:保险丝、继电器增加电压、电流监控功能;
5. 故障诊断:增加诊断功能;
6. 联网:增加通信;
…………………….


你要是电气工程师,后面你肯定会疯掉的,今天这里拉根线,明天那里加个继电器,后天再改个功能。 “今日改五线,明日改十线,然后得一夕安寝。起视四境,而产品经理又至矣” 。虽然现有的电气架构挣扎一下还能再战三五年,但改到最后,复杂度会越来越高,电气设计工程师会越来越痛苦,从长期看,这种改造之路是行不通的。

电气架构的作用(来源:网络)


就像19世纪的人说他想要一辆更快的马车,你再加匹马来让它更快,这个方向注定走不远。但也不可能把车轮子拆了,加上翅膀,改成飞机,因为现实条件也不允许。所以,我们必须基于现有的电气架构,“轮子”还要保留,然后在此基础上升级改造。


我们看一下需要对现有的架构怎么 进行改造


1.维持现状的部分:保留底盘配电盒和驾驶室配电盒的前后两个配电盒设计;蓄电池和发电机/DC-DC直接接入底盘配电盒,接法不变。

2.升级的部分:电子器件替代保险丝和继电器技术进行控制及保护,电气设计改为电子设计;电子化后,增加诊断和联网功能,集成一些输入信号检测等,OTA升级就水到渠成了。


基于以上假设,下面给出一种商用车智能电气架构的实现方式。我们来看一下新的架构:


商用车智能电气架构原理简图(来源:左成钢)

传统卡车配电盒电气原理简图(来源:左成钢)


为了方便大家对比,我把传统架构再放过来一下。


小伙伴们有没有发现,如果说传统架构电气图还需要一些“初中物理知识”,那智能架构就连这个也不需要了。 没有了继电器的逻辑之美,也没有了复杂的电源分配,智能化的电气架构,就是这么单调、枯燥、且乏味,就像智能机连优美的机械键盘都没有了,像板砖一样枯燥。


好了,现在我们来对比一下智能电气架构和传统架构的差异:


1. 每路单独可控,这就表示每条线路都支持单独编程控制了,这是实现逻辑架构的基础。
2. 每路单独可控后,功耗控制及能量管理就不是问题了,所以就可以取消电源总开关了(GB7258规定大于等于6米的客车不可以取消)。
3. 电源没有属性之分了,所有的线路都可以定义为任意供电属性。过去定义供电属性的原因就是为了便于管理,现在不需要了。
4. 驾驶室配电盒B+供电不变,但是从多根线变成一根线。比如原来是4根4mm2的线,可能现在要一根10mm2的线就可以了。
5. 引入了通信网络。原来的配电盒是没有网络的,而现在离了网络的生活你敢想。
6. 可监控、可诊断。原来的配电盒里都是被动元件,是没有状态监控及故障诊断的,像个黑盒子,现在它可以被感知了,还接入了整车网络。


好了,现在这个电气架构是不是就有点“架构”的样子了?电气拓扑、网络拓扑和逻辑架构就可以往里面补充了。智能电气架构的配电盒实际上就是一个专门的区域控制器,安波福称其为PDC。按照自动驾驶的等级划分,安波福认为一台智能汽车往往需要用到2~6个PDC,比如特斯拉Model 3采用的是前、左、右三个分布式区域控制器。


这里可能有人要问既然是区域控制器,为什么没有看到信号采集部分?其实电气架构这一块儿的难点在于电源分配及控制部分,电子化后的配电盒,集成开关信号采集或传感器信号采集是水到渠成的事情,在此就不专门讨论了。电气原理图里面那我也没有放信号部分,大家理解就好。


另外再次解释一下,怕有的小伙伴们不理解,基于MOS的方案包括:MOS分立方案和HSD集成方案(包含eFuse),我们在此统称 MOS方案。




四.智能电气架构带来的价值


(一)直接价值


智能电气架构带来的直接价值主要集中在产品功能、可靠性及维护保养成本三个方面。具体地说——


01
产品功能方面


(1)每条线路均可独立控制。
(2)保护功能不限于短路,还有过载、过压、开路等保护。
(3)每条线路均可监控,可诊断,不限于电压,还有电流、温度等。
(4)可设置休眠时需保持工作的设备。
(5)故障消除后可自动恢复或根据需求恢复。
(6)可联网,信息可实时上传。
(7)控制逻辑可编程,可OTA。
(8)自动驾驶状态下的整车电源状态实时监控。
(9)无人驾驶车辆远程电源管理。精确的供电管理及可控的供电时序,这个是智能化的基础,包括未来新能源重卡的电源管理,这一块儿意义重大。


02
可靠性方面


(1)可实现双供电电源+双接线柱输入的高可靠性。

(2)MOS器件本身的高可靠性。

(3)防护等级提高,更安全。比如原来防护可能只到IP54,现在配电盒可以全密封,一下就到IP67或IP69了,就不可能进水了,这个对商用车恶略的使用环境来讲,也很有价值。


03
运营成本方面


(1)维保提醒、故障预警,防止车辆运行时出现故障,降低商用车运营成本。
(2)长寿命及免维护。这个对商用车来讲,价值比乘用车要大得多,可靠性高,维护的少,就意味着故障停车少,可以少耽误事,多挣钱。


支持未来新能源卡车、高阶无人驾驶等技术对车辆电气架构的需求,包括基本的功能需求及功能安全等级要求等。



(二)间接价值


01
网络管理NM设计优化


有一个问题不知道大家深入想过没有,只要搞汽车电子的就离不开CAN总线,那就会接触到CAN总线的AUTOSAR/OSEK网络管理NM,那为什么要做网络管理呢?


我估计你会愣一下,然后说“要控制ECU的休眠唤醒啊”,再问下去你就会发现,最终目的其实是为了控制整车功耗,当需要相关功能时,再让相关ECU节点启动起来,以节约电能。


如果你继续深究下去,为什么不直接控制ECU呢?前面我们已经讲过了车上的电源种类,也就那几种,但实际应用需求千差万别,所以供电管理(上下电时序)及能量管理就会很复杂,但又不可能每一个供电回路都加一个继电器控制。在ECU都接入CAN总线以后呢,大家就想到了是不是可以用基于CAN总线的网络管理来进行能量管理,因为仅靠供电管理远远不够嘛。


为此甚至还搞出来了更复杂的PN(Partial Networking)功能,但到现在都很少真的用起来,因为很多传统ECU的CAN收发器不支持,换了收发器又发现MCU硬件也不支持,你总不可能去换了MCU吧?对于Tier 1来说,换MCU那基本是不可能的,这个打击面太广,成本太高。


但到了智能电气架构阶段,大家发现,咦,原来的有些做法似乎有点画蛇添足了啊?太复杂了不说,细究起来甚至还有点舍本逐末,本末倒置了呢!就比如我们搞了一大套极其复杂的CAN网络管理,最后发现竟然是为了省电!等一下,你说啥?要省电?这不正是智能电气架构的基本功吗?智能电气架构最基础的功能就是可以实现每一个回路电源的单独控制啊。


言归正传,我们先来看一下现在的CAN网络管理,按照唤醒方式,一般将ECU网络节点类型划分为两大类:本地唤醒与远程唤醒。


本地唤醒比如采用KL15或其他硬线、传感器等信号唤醒,这时其实可以将唤醒信号直接接入智能配电模块,让配电模块采集外部信号,来执行唤醒逻辑,因为本来KL15等信号也是从配电模块产生的,甚至KL15都可以取消了,改成虚拟的KL15(ACC、KL30也一样)。


至于远程唤醒,支持PN(Partial Networking)会好一些,而对于不支持PN功能的网段,所有ECU同睡同醒,网络管理能起到的作用就比较有限。所以,对休眠唤醒速度要求不高的功能,这时候就可以考虑直接断电,让智能电气架构来直接实现ECU的电源管理,这样,大部分原来的CAN网络管理职能就直接转移到了电气架构层面了,需要做网络管理的节点就会大幅减少,网络管理也可以得到很大程度的优化了,工作量也可以大幅降低了,设计变更也变得更简单了,因为逻辑上移了嘛。比如座椅控制ECU,到一定条件,比如车速超过20KM/h,直接断电,功能禁用。如需要停车后延时下电的功能,也可以由电气架构来做这个上下电时序控制。


所以,基于智能电气架构的供电及能量管理策略,是可以实现现有的一部分CAN网络管理功能、进而优化整车网络设计及降低网络通信负载率(商用车网络管理做得不好的话,负载率很容易出问题)。当然这种设计思想比较颠覆,还需要OEM和Tier 1一起探索如何进行网络管理的优化,进而降低整个设计的复杂度。


02
指导车辆设计优化,提升OEM品牌价值


汽车产业作为一个拥有上百年历史的产业,其很多设计是有传承的,传承的意思就是有延续性,变动较少。类似于宫廷剧里经常出现的“祖宗之法不可违”这句话,这其中是包含了很多前人的智慧的,因为前人不傻,他一定是踩了很多坑,才定下了这个规矩,是有其道理的,你继续用,大概率是没问题的,因为大家都一直这么用,也没出问题。


比如你问OEM的电气,这辆车发电机保险为什么配125A,他大概率会说“我们一直就这么用的”,从来也没反馈“烧过”啊,这是沿用设计。你要问他那配的线束为什么只用16平方,按手册推荐匹配来看不对啊,125A要配25平方的线啊,他肯定又会跟你说“这是我们的经验,没问题的,放心”。


你发现没有,沿用设计和经验设计其实是在缺乏有效数据支撑、无法理论计算分析、也无法模拟仿真时的最佳解决方案!就像我们在做电路设计时,如果WCCA最差情况分析计算不过时,如果你实测可以证明没问题,或者你有应用案例和可靠性数据支撑,那也算你过,道理是一样的。


讲到这里你就发现了,传统设计我们为什么都在沿用,极少改动,因为那里面都是前人经验智慧的总结和沉淀,是成本和可靠性的均衡。但智能化以后,一切都改变了。我们有了实时监控,有了诊断,有了数据,有了网络,云端、大数据、AI算法。


举例来讲,原来整车的能量管理实际上是很粗放的,因为测不到,测不准,没联网,所以用电这一块儿就是估的,但是数字化和网联化以后,我们就可以提高数据的颗粒度、数据量和实时性了,这时候大数据和AI就派上用场了。就好比智能电表、水表普及以后,警察可以利用大数据分析,发现用电用水异常来抓毒贩;社区服务可以根据用水异常,及时发现独居老人的摔倒风险一样。


数字化及网联化以后,OEM可以通过后台实时获取车上每一个负载、模块的电流及整车总电流,获得整车Load profile数据,并且还可以按不同的维度来进行分析(具体维度可以参见笔者上篇文章),这些数据就可以指导车辆的设计,比如:


(1)指导整车电平衡设计;
(2)指导整车能量管理设计;
(3)指导整车上下电时序设计;
(4)指导蓄电池、发电机、DC-DC设计;
(5)优化负载选型,线径、保护电流匹配设计,降低成本;
(6)建立数据库模型(负载维度、功能应用维度等),用前期模拟仿真设计;
(7)指导整车电气设计,缩短开发周期,降低开发成本;
(8)建立季节天气环境模型,用于模拟仿真设计。


另外,在提高数据的维度、颗粒度、数据量和实时性以后,OEM可以通过后台实时获取车上每一个负载、模块的电流及整车总电流,这时候大数据和AI就派上用场了,利用能量管理算法就可以实现智能节能节油了,或者指导用户如何优化驾驶习惯,进而实现节油了。


这时候,OEM就可以通过APP为用户提供用车建议、维保提醒等,这也可以算是品牌价值的一部分吧,可以作为OEM的营销亮点,或者品牌溢价吧。所以,从某种意义上讲,智能电气架构也算是一种“硬件预埋”,可以为未来“软件付费”打下基础。


03
加速跨域融合及功能迭代


智能电气架构里面,控制和执行融合以后,配电盒实际上就是一个专门的区域控制器了,配电架构就变成了功能逻辑架构的一部分了,这是实现跨域融合及区架构的基础。


比如特斯拉的FBCM就做了很多热管理的工作,包括阀的控制和电机的驱动,还有空调的压力、温度信号的采集等。LBCM做了左侧灯光、车门车窗控制、座椅调节,甚至气囊的控制,而这些功能原本都是有独立的ECU来执行的。


所以ECU功能融合将是一个大的趋势。首先应该是域内的功能融合,比如原来都是车身域的灯光、雨刮、门控、座椅等,门控功能集成进去,门控模块就省了,后面可以跨域到座舱舒适系统;比如空调控制算法可以直接集成进去,空调控制器就省了,这是不是就有点域融合的意思了。到后面如果OEM的有能力了,或者和Tier 1联合开发,就可以放更多动力、底盘的功能进去了,当然。这个更多会是执行层面的,逻辑可以往上走,便于后期OTA。


还有就是可以做一些酷炫功能,类似于特斯拉用灯光、音乐加鸥翼门跳个舞啊,当然商用车我们还是得讲实用性,比如做个整车灯光自检啊(原来是继电器控的,没法做),做个偷油检测,来个声光报警啊等等,有了独立可控的可编程能力,加上OTA,那未来就有无限可能了。


另外就是实现智能化架构后,设计更改速度可以更快,后期迭代速度也相应可以更快,更改设计的成本也会变低。这个对商用车多车型、小批量、开发周期短的特点来讲,价值特别大。比如原来改个控制逻辑,你或者要改线,或者就要改配电盒设计,反正怎么着都很麻烦,现在你只需要动动鼠标,重新配置一下就好了。


比如配电部分的电气设计,开发速度可以从原来的一个月缩短到现在的一周甚至更短的时间(整车改款也就几个月时间),甚至OEM可以脱离Tier 1来自己升级配电及控制逻辑,而不需要依赖Tier 1重新设计配电模块,这个与目前在乘用车领域正在发生的,OEM加大了对软件能力的建设和对零部件设计的参与深度这种现象,整体上趋势是一致的,包括特斯拉的大部分零部件开始自研自产一样。


据笔者了解,在客车领域目前已有一种基于半导体可编程控制的底盘配电盒在大规模地替代原来的传统配电盒,虽然成本有所提高,但是对车厂来讲,支持现场编程更改设计逻辑(通过CAN进行配置),极其方便。车厂工程设计人员甚至已经爱上了这种新的设计模式,可以根据订单需求快速变更整车电气设计,设计变更及其简单,速度快,不需要更改硬件设计,也不怕设计错了,错了刷个软件就可以改,而原来错了就要批量改线了。


04
防火安全性能提高


防火安全对于商用车来讲,其实一直都是个问题。商用车不同于乘用车,其应用复杂度要高得多,拉人的客车还好,拉货的卡车就很复杂了,新闻也经常能见到卡车在高速上着火的报道。火灾有个问题就是“死无对证”,烧完了以后故障都很难查。


据有30年车辆火灾调查经验的消防专家Randolph Harris,在调查了超过2500起事件,超过500辆卡车、重型设备和车辆火灾后,调查统计数据表明,卡车火灾的首要原因就是电气火灾,其次才是纵火(中国应该极少)、轮胎和事故。而电气原因则可以归结为以下几点:


(1) 大功率负载接线松动,接触不良,接触点发热;
(2) 线路老化,线束松动,绝缘磨损,电线破皮,搭铁短路;
(3) 用户在车上私拉乱接电线,使用超负荷的电器;
(4) 保险丝烧了,更换了更大的保险丝,或劣质保险丝;
(5) 用电器进水,导致电路短路,引燃附近可燃物。


针对以上电气问题,基于MOS方案的电子化智能架构是可以解决大部分、甚至全部问题的,从而可以杜绝电气火灾,提高车辆的防火安全性能。


比如,对接线柱松动导致发热起火的问题,我们可以增加温度传感器,这在电子化设计中很常见。加入传感后就可以实时监测了,线路具备了独立开关控制功能,检测到故障后可以立即关断,就避免了事故发生,同时还可以通过网络通信(比如仪表)进行报警,提醒驾驶员故障原因及具体故障线路,便于维修。


线路老化、绝缘磨损,轻微搭铁等问题,我们可以通过监测线路电流来发现故障,基于历史数据对比,或同等车型应用对比。如果是严重的搭铁短路,MOS方案的保护灵敏度是可以做到很高的,并且有短路电流限制,这个在上篇文章有讲过。有电流限制就意味着打火小,灵敏度高就意味着打火后就马上能检测到,就可以快速保护(保护速度可以达到传统保险丝的1000倍以上),从而降低了火灾的风险。


类型

保护速度

精度

短路电流限制

保险丝/片

ms~s级

/

无,可能高达上百A

芯片

µs~ms级

可达0.1A

保险、芯片保护特性对比(来源:左成钢)


用户在车上私拉乱接电线、更换大保险、使用超负荷的电器,这种问题基本不会在智能电气架构下发生。


传统的配电盒,用户很容易自己接线,带不动就更换更大的保险丝,而MOS方案的配电盒都是全密封设计的,不考虑维护和更换,用户无法打开,打开了也看不懂,没法接线,这个上篇文章详细讲过。另外,即使用户在外面破皮接线,一旦超过设计保护门限就会触发过流保护,不可能发生换了大保险以后导致烧线的问题。


用电器进水短路起火事故,如果基于MOS方案,因其保护的灵敏性,部分故障也是可以避免的。


基于以上分析,我们可以发现,基于MOS方案的智能电气架构在提高商用车防火安全性上带来的优势,这个价值是用BOM成本无法衡量的。


05
整车EMC改善及成本降低


我们不聊太深奥的EMC知识,今天只专注于智能电气架构能给商用车整车EMC及成本带来哪些价值。


商用车由于车很长,负载类型也更复杂,整车电气环境也更恶略。比如线束很长,受长导线杂散电感影响,继电器切换就会产生一些高压脉冲,会对其他电子设备产生过压危害,影响整车EMC性能,这个我们上篇文章有详细分析。我们今天不扩散,专注讲ISO7637-2(国标是GB/T 21437-2)的一部分脉冲相关的EMC问题。


我们先来看一下标准中最严苛的脉冲,就是抛负载,专业叫Load dump,就是业内常说的5a和5b。如果你碰到个人能聊这个,说明已经比较了解EMC了。大家别抬杠,说这是老标准,新标准不叫这个名字了。因为老标准大家都熟,也习惯了,新标准电压等级更高,名字也改了,直接叫Load dump pulse了,且调整到了ISO16750-2里面。我们下面就是举个例子,看下商用车和乘用车OEM对5号抛负载脉冲的一些试验要求。


电压

标准要求

OEM要求

12V系统

5a: 87V,5b: 35V

5b: 35V

24V系统

5a: 174V

5a: 174V

乘用车及商用车5a和5b脉冲试验要求


据笔者了解,目前乘用车基本很少要求5a了,原来做一些Local项目还有要求,Global的其实早就不要求了,现在国内也基本都不作要求了。这个其实也好理解,就像80年代桑塔纳刚国产化时,德国标准要求喇叭是5万次的使用寿命,总是坏,中方调查研究后就发现在中国喇叭用的的确更频繁,所以喇叭国产化后就增加到了10万次。讲这个就是说明设计需要考虑真实情况,并不是老外的标准就一定是对的,设计一定是好的。


回到主题,为什么global的OEM就敢要求不做5a?那是人家根据经验,5b就可以了,因为人家的整车电气环境真的就做得比较好了,这是一个系统性问题。整车电气环境好了以后,试验标准就降低了,零部件成本也低了,进而整车成本也可以得到降低。


再举个例子,80后的小伙伴们应该都记得,小时候电压不稳,家里稳压器、调压器、冰箱保护器是标配,否则电视机、冰箱等家电就很容易坏,当然现在早就见不到了,并不是家电质量变好了,而是供电电压稳定了,也极少停电了,这是国家电网的功劳。

家用稳压器(来源:网络)


讲这么多,其实就是想说明两点:一是设计要考虑实际应用情况,二是用电器是受整体电气环境影响的。回到商用车,为什么商用车目前还都要求做5a,就是因为整车电源环境还不够好。上面也讲过,商用车整体技术是落后于乘用车的,所以你去随便拆开一个商用车的电路板,一眼就能看到下面这个东西,很大个,这就是电源的稳压器,每个ECU都有。


商用车电源的稳压器-TVS(来源:网络)


好了,我们回归主题,看智能电气架构能为我们带来什么价值吧。智能电气架构因为实现了电子化,我们就可以在底盘配电盒电源输入端加入电压抑制设计。因为5a脉冲来自于电源端,而整车的电源又都来自于底盘配电盒,这就相当于送到小区的电经过配电柜稳定后,再送到每一家,家里的用电器就不需要额外配稳压器了。


智能电气架构5a波形对比(来源:左成钢)


从电压波形我们也能看出来,脉冲电压从174V降到了44.8V,效果很明显。这能带来哪些价值呢?


(1) 整车ECU试验标准降低到5b,试验成本降低;

(2) 整车取消ECU级别电压抑制设计,BOM成本降低,整车一般有几十个ECU,一个TVS得好几块钱;

(3)整车一级电源耐压等级降低。而常规24V设计,一级电源耐压要求是60V,60V器件就比50V贵不少;

(4)整车EMC环境改善。


其实整车EMC环境改善不仅限于整车电源端供电的改善,各ECU和负载间的相互干扰也会得到改善。


前面我们讲过商用车的线束很长,快速变化的大电流因线束电感的影响,将会产生一些高压脉冲危害,这个很容易理解,初中物理就学过,就是这个公式U=L*di/dt。以1mm²的导线为例,一米的电感大约是1µH,这个电压很容易就能到上百伏,而ISO7637-2规定的2a和3a脉冲可以达到-300V到+112V,这个电压都是和线束电感有关的。


传统配电盒里面都是互相连在一起的,有一个脉冲就会到处跑,ECU和负载间也能互相影响,而智能电气架构的底盘配电盒不仅在电源端增加了电压抑制设计,每个输出通道本身也有电压抑制设计,这就避免了用电设备之间的相互干扰,也就是说,干扰脉冲不会到处跑了,直接被吸收了。


商用车与乘用车长度对比(来源:英飞凌)


另外,还有芯片开关特性对EMC的改善。芯片一般都有开关的slew rate控制,而继电器是没有的,还有保险熔断时,因短路电流无限制及保险熔断特性带来的EMC影响,这些芯片都能避免,我们就不展开了。


06
杜绝电源反接影响


只要是接触过电子设计的小伙伴们,不管是消费级、工业级还是汽车级,估计都知道电源设计上要加一个二极管防反,就像下面这样:


电源防反电路设计(来源:左成钢)


这种设计简单、实用、有效,可以避免许多应用时接错线的问题,因为一旦接错,整个电源就烧了,产品就报废了,代价很高,而接错线这种事情,搞过设计的人都没少干过。


对于车载设计,其实也是一样的,因为车辆在实际应用中,偶尔会有电源接反的情况。比如车辆蓄电池亏电无法启动,在用别的车进行跳线启动时,就很有可能出现电源反接的情况;还有就是维修时,蓄电池正负极接反,当然专业人员绝不会犯这种错误。所以车辆设计时就考虑到了这种情况,而且ISO标准也有相应的规定。

电源极性反接的介绍(来源:英飞凌)


ISO16750-2及国标GB/T28046.2对电源反接的规定


所以,对于汽车电子设计人员来讲,ECU的电源防反设计就是一个基础设计(英飞凌的介绍里也仅指出了ECU防反接设计),大家也都习以为常了,只要是个电源,二极管就先给它安排上,妥妥的,绝对没错。但到了智能电气架构,我们在实现了整车电源分配智能化、电子化的同时,有一个传统设计即将被悄悄颠覆,就像移动支付慢慢颠覆了大家用现金的习惯一样。


我们来看一下究竟发生了什么?


智能电气架构的整车电源防反接设计(来源:左成钢)


在传统电气架构中,配电盒就负责电源分配,里面没有电子器件,也没有办法做电源防反接设计(包括上面说的EMC设计),一旦电源接反,整车所有的ECU、负载的电源就都反过来了。


但是到了智能电气架构时代,因为实现了电子化设计,我们就可以在底盘配电盒电源输入端加入电源防反接设计。因为整车的电源都来自于底盘配电盒,我们在源头实现了防反接设计后,就把反向电流堵在了源头,即使蓄电池电源发生了反接,整车是没有反向电压和反向电流的。


这会带来什么价值呢?


(1)除一级配电模块外,整车所有ECU及负载,不需要做电源防反接设计,降低设计难度、设计成本及BOM成本;
(2)OEM可以取消相应试验项目,降低整车设计及验证成本。
(3)杜绝蓄电池电源极性反接时对整车产生的影响,比如电子电气件烧毁,负载误动作风险等。


这里可能有小伙伴们好奇为什么电源反接时,会有电子电气件烧毁及误动作的风险?我就顺便给大家科普一下。


整车所有ECU电源的逻辑控制部分都是有防反设计的,而负载控制及大电流控制大部分是则没有做,因为大电流的防反接设计很复杂,难度比较大,每个电源上都做成本也不允许,真的接反了,保证自己的ECU不误动作,不会损坏就行了,至于其他的就暂时不管那么多了。


我们来看下传统电气架构电源极性反接会发生什么?


蓄电池极性反接示意图(来源:左成钢)


对于常规汽车电子设计,无论是基于传统继电器的负载控制,亦或是基于HSD(智能高边开关)芯片的负载控制,因为大电流回路里没有防反接设计,一旦电源极性反接,作为继电器控制的LSD(智能低边开关)芯片因为寄生体二极管自动导通,继电器动作,HSD也会因此自动导通,负载开始上电工作。如果是灯泡,那就直接点亮,因为灯泡本身没有极性,如果是电动机,那就直接反转,至于会不会造成车辆故障或电气件损坏,那就听天由命了,反正短时间内ECU是肯定不会坏的。


所以,智能电气架构带来的电源分配及控制技术的电子化,其对整车及整个汽车行业带来的影响是巨大的,甚至在某些方面是颠覆性的,甚至行业标准也将为之而改变。站在当下,可能我们还无法感知到它的影响,但在未来,它对汽车行业的影响注定是深刻而长远的,甚至未来做汽车电子设计的小朋友们都会忘了电源上需要加一个二极管这种设计,就像现在的小朋友们都已经不认识纸币了一样。


07
线束回路节省,成本降低


7.1 线束回路的节省


线束回路的节省,可以分为几方面:


(1).底盘到驾驶室的30+电源线的节省。


话不多说,我们上图,这样更容易理解:

传统卡车配电盒电气原理简图(来源:左成钢)


不知道大家发现一个问题没有,底盘配电盒里面基本都是大板式保险丝,驾驶室配电盒基本都是小片式保险丝。底盘配电盒通过板式保险(一般都是40~50A的)将电源分为多路(一般都是4路左右),再拉到驾驶室,然后再通过小保险将电源分配给整车用电器。这样设计也是基于安全考虑的,若一个保险爆掉或者一根线出问题,只有部分功能受影响。


采用智能架构以后,芯片的可靠性是远高于保险丝的,且芯片的性能基本不受冲击电流次数的限制,而保险片则必须考虑这个问题,为了降低风险,就分为多路供电。


性能

保险丝

芯片

寿命

保险丝10万个脉冲

10^15后无衰减


所以采用智能架构以后,基于芯片的高可靠性,我们是可以将底盘至驾驶室的供电线设计成单根导线的,这就给了我们降成本的可能,并且导线的线径也可以适当降低,下面会具体分析。


(2)继电器控制线的回路节省


原来每个继电器都需要一根控制线,整车就是几十根。而采用芯片后,控制就本地化了,还可以通过CAN等通信方式来控制,这就又节约了一些线束。


(3).其他硬线回路的减少


① 信号输入线的减少。比如某些开关信号,如门状态信号,灯的开关输入信号,原来比较多的都是通过硬线,哪个ECU需要就给它拉过去一根,这不仅增加了成本,还可能导致信号之间的潜通路问题,增加设计复杂性和故障的风险(整车潜通路问题是一个比较复杂的设计问题)。


② 控制回路线束的减少。比如两个信号同时控制一个功能,常规设计就是用两个继电器串联控制,两个信号都有效了才行。用智能架构就简单多了,两个信号都走CAN通信,软件直接处理就可以了,逻辑的灵活性也更高。


③ 弱化ACC、ON等硬线信号。比如原来靠ON档信号供电的,你或者直接用ON给它供电,或者通过继电器。而智能架构可以将任意输出配置为ON属性。还有用ON做信号的ECU,你要专门给它拉一根ON线,现在驾驶室配电盒可以采集到点火锁信号后,通过CAN 通信发出来,整车所有的点火锁信号就可以共享了。


7.2 线径变小


我们拿两个真实负载来看一下线束匹配的差异。


先看用保险丝的设计匹配:

功能

额定功率

最大电流

冲击电流

保险丝选型

匹配线径

右远光

70W

3.1A

44A

10A

1.0mm²

雨刮

180W

8.6A

30A

15A

1.5mm²


再看下用芯片:

功能

额定功率

最大电流

冲击电流

芯片选型

匹配线径

右远光

70W

3.1A

44A

5A

0.5mm²

wiper

180W

8.6A

30A

10A

1.0mm²


From the comparison in the above figure, we can roughly see that for the same load, when using chip design, the chip current can be selected to be smaller. Correspondingly, the wire diameter can also be thinner, or at least one step lower.


In the last article, we analyzed the derating design of fuses and relays in detail, but I did not improve the derating design of the chip. Why? Without further ado, let’s compare with the picture above:


Chip rated current definition (Source: Infineon)

Fuse current rating definition (Source: Littelfuse)


It is obvious from the comparison that the rated current test condition given by the chip is a high temperature of 85 degrees, while the fuse is a normal temperature of 25 degrees. If the temperature is high, it must be derated, plus a basic derating of 25% for reliability considerations. Once, how much do you think the rating will be reduced? This does not take into account that I2t may have to be derated.


Dear students, please pay attention. I am about to give a conclusion. This is very important. I will take the test later:


Generally speaking, compared with the original fuse design, the rated current of the chip design can be smaller, or even half of the original, and the corresponding wire diameter will be reduced.


Chip loading capacity comparison (source: Zuo Chenggang)


Therefore, when it comes to chip design based on future intelligent architecture, everyone must change their thinking. When someone says the current is 20A, you have to ask him whether the insurance was equipped with 20A before, or whether the rated current of the load is 20A. Otherwise, if everyone’s understanding is not on the same basis, there will be communication problems.


7.3 Avoid the effect of long wires in the wiring harness


We mentioned this in the last article, but didn’t go into it in depth. If you are not a person who specializes in electrical design, you probably don’t know much about it. Let’s talk about it by the way.


Calculation of upper limit of conductor length (Source: PEC)


We have talked about how to match the insurance and wiring harness before, but we have not mentioned that the length of the wiring harness must be considered when designing the wiring harness. Because the commercial vehicle is very long, the length of the wiring harness may be dozens of meters. If the wire diameter is relatively thin, the short-circuit impedance may be relatively large during a short circuit, and the short-circuit current will not flow. As a result, the fuse will not blow and the fault will always exist. , there will be risks if the fault point remains hot.


After using the chip, because the current detection accuracy of the chip is very high, normal current and fault current can be distinguished, and protection can be carried out. This avoids risks. In addition, when designing the wire harness, there is no need to calculate the wire harness length. , which reduces the difficulty of design matching and reduces the test verification requirements, which also reduces the design cost to a certain extent.


7.4 Wiring harness cost


Finally, let’s talk about cost, which is probably what everyone is most concerned about. The author once conducted a vehicle wiring harness analysis based on a medium-sized truck, which was accurate to every wire, terminal and connector. The BOM cost of the vehicle wiring harness using intelligent architecture was reduced by 15.8%. Aptiv has also calculated that the use of regional architecture can reduce wiring harness costs by 25%. Bosch has also conducted similar calculations, and the wiring harness costs have been reduced.


Wiring harness cost accounting example (Source: Zuo Chenggang)


The specific reduction in the wiring harness part is strongly related to the vehicle architecture and configuration, and cannot be generalized. However, there is a general direction, that is, the more functions the vehicle has, the higher the configuration, and the more ECUs, the greater the room for cost reduction after adopting the new architecture. .


08
value of customer


Commercial vehicles are different from passenger cars. As means of production, commercial vehicles must have practical functions, low operating costs, high reliability, and low maintenance costs. Based on these considerations, the customer value of intelligent electrical architecture is mainly reflected in the following points:


(1) Automatically sleep to prevent power loss . You can cancel the main power switch, or even if you don't cancel it, you can automatically sleep after parking, which is more convenient to use and completely eliminates the possibility of losing power when parking.


(2) Realize the intelligent networking function of vehicles . For example, remote vehicle power management includes remote vehicle power monitoring, status self-checking, electrical appliance switching, etc. For example, remotely turn on the air conditioner, remote engine preheating, remote lighting self-check, etc.


(3) Reduce maintenance costs . High reliability and less maintenance means less downtime, less delays, and more money.


(4) Improved user experience . It can be automatically restored after the fault is eliminated or restored according to needs, which improves the user experience. For example, if the wiring harness of the headlight is broken and grounded, the traditional fuse will definitely burst immediately, and the light will not light up. The chip can automatically restart after protection, which is professionally called auto-reset. If it only touches the ground occasionally, there will be no problem. If the short circuit persists, the driver will see the light flash only once. This will not affect the operation of the vehicle, and after parking, the instrument can remind the driver that a short circuit fault has occurred in the left high beam, which makes it easier to find the problem and quickly locate and repair it.


(5) Guide users to optimize driving habits to achieve energy saving and consumption reduction . This requires the OEM to provide users with car recommendations through the APP based on vehicle operation data and a big data platform. This can also be regarded as part of the brand value and can be used as a marketing highlight of the OEM.




five. Intelligent electrical architecture is the infrastructure for smart vehicles


The author estimates that after reading this, everyone will still ask, what is the cost?


Although we also conducted a multi-dimensional cost analysis, we did not mention the software part. According to Aptiv's estimates, the regional architecture can reduce software costs by 75%. At present, major OEMs are also moving in the direction of building their own software capabilities. Software costs (including integration and testing costs) must also be considered in advance, because according to the current trend, the proportion of software costs in future product development will be Much higher than the hardware cost, especially the purchase of related tool chains and investment in software platform architecture construction.


However, the author believes that intelligent architecture should be viewed from the perspective of infrastructure construction. In the future, the construction of smart electrical architecture will become the new infrastructure for smart cars and the infrastructure for vehicles to become intelligent and unmanned . During construction, its advanceness, public service and basic nature must be considered , not just the BOM cost.




in conclusion


Having said so much, let’s briefly summarize:


1. Self-driving commercial vehicles require an intelligent electrical architecture that is “perceivable, controllable, and evolvable”;

2. Intelligent electrical architecture can significantly reduce vehicle development and testing costs;

3. The construction of intelligent electrical architecture can echo the inherent needs of the current OEM software capability construction;

4. Intelligent electrical architecture can increase the brand premium of OEMs, lay the foundation for "embedded hardware, paid software", extend the value chain, and also provide assistance for OEMs to transform from vehicle manufacturers to service providers;

5. Intelligent electrical architecture is part of the regional architecture and is the infrastructure that supports future new energy trucks and high-end driverless technology;


Due to space limitations, we will conduct an in-depth analysis of the difficulties in implementing smart electrical architecture in the next article, so stay tuned!




References:

1. Fire and Explosion Investigator Randolph J. Harris https://www.fayengineering.com/randolph-j-harris

2. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/U1SBvowByocPBpeR9-qxNA



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