A brief analysis of the classification and working principle of DC/DC converters for electric vehicles-EEWORLD

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In new energy vehicles, DCDC (direct current-to-direct current) converter is a crucial component.

The DCDC converter can convert the electrical energy of a high-voltage DC battery into electrical energy suitable for low-voltage DC appliances.

Such as motors, electronic control units, etc. This article will discuss the importance of DCDC converters in new energy vehicles and their working principles.

The role of DC/DC converters in electric vehicles

The high-voltage direct current of the vehicle's power battery is converted into low-voltage direct current of 12V, 24V or 48V to power the low-voltage electrical equipment on the vehicle, and can also charge the vehicle's battery.

The voltage of a typical pure electric commercial vehicle power battery ranges from 480V to 700V. The voltage that powers the electronic control unit, multimedia, instruments, lights and other equipment must be reduced to 24V.

Classification and working principle of DC/DC converters for electric vehicles****

The power of the DC-DC converter comes from the high-voltage battery pack of the electric vehicle. The input is high-voltage direct current and the output is low-voltage direct current.

DC (Direct Current) is the abbreviation of "Direct Current". DC refers to current with fixed direction and magnitude.

AC (Alternating Current) is the abbreviation of "Alternating Current". Alternating Current refers to the current whose direction and magnitude change periodically over time. DC and AC current are shown in the figure:

DC/DC converters are mainly divided into isolated DC/DC converters and non-isolated DC/DC converters. Isolation refers to the electrical isolation of the power supply and the power circuit, that is, isolating the power branch circuit from the entire electrical system, making it an electrically isolated, independent, ungrounded safety system to prevent indirect contact hazards when the exposed conductor is faulty and energized.

Classification of isolated DC/DC converters****

Full-bridge DCDC converter main circuit working principle: ****

As shown in the figure, Vin on the left is the input DC voltage, Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 form the primary switch circuit, which modulates the input DC current into a rectangular wave. Q1 and Q4 form a group, and Q2 and Q3 form a group. The modulation mainly relies on the controller to output a PWM wave with a specific duty cycle to drive the four switch tubes to open and close in a predetermined order and time to achieve the current inversion process. The output voltage increases when the duty cycle increases, and the output voltage decreases when the duty cycle decreases. The frequency can be adjusted by adjusting the switching frequency.

Transformer T1 can achieve electrical isolation and also play a role in voltage regulation. The number of turns of the primary coil is fixed, and different voltage levels can be obtained by changing the number of turns of the secondary coil. The input of the transformer is a pulse rectangular wave obtained by inversion of the left full-bridge circuit, which is transmitted to the secondary side of the transformer, and an AC sine wave of another voltage amplitude is obtained. After rectification by DR1 and DR2, it is filtered by Cf and Rl to obtain DC power, which is provided to the output end.

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