Design of Transmission Circuit in Wireless Sensor Network

The wireless sensor network is a kind of RGS system (Remote Ground Sensor System), which is a detection system that uses multiple sensors as comprehensive intelligence collection elements, performs data fusion, encoding and other processing, sends it to the command center, and displays it on the monitoring platform after processing and restoration. It integrates sensor technology, image detection technology, vibration detection technology, sound detection technology, wireless communication technology, digital coding compression technology, information fusion technology and computer technology. It is a comprehensive technology integrated by multiple high-tech technologies. The wireless multi-sensor network system is mainly composed of the following parts:

(1) System front-end sensors and GPS module - signal acquisition part: mainly composed of detection units composed of image, sound, vibration and infrared sensors and GPS modules, responsible for completing battlefield information monitoring tasks.

(2) Information transmission part: mainly responsible for compressing and encoding the collected information and transmitting it wirelessly over long distances.

(3) Command center measurement and control platform: mainly completes the remote control of the monitoring unit and signal reception tasks, and integrates and analyzes the various information collected. The processing results are provided to the command center personnel so that they can grasp the battlefield situation in a timely and accurate manner and make corresponding decisions.

This paper mainly discusses the hardware design and software programming ideas of image transmission systems in wireless sensor networks.

1 Transmitter modem hardware Circuit Design and working principle

The modem hardware circuits are actually different on the transmitter and receiver sides because of the different tasks they need to accomplish. The schematic diagram of the transmitter modem circuit is shown in Figure 1.

The system uses a +5 V power supply which is supplied by the battery of the radio station after conversion. MSM7512 B uses a dedicated 3.579 545 MHz crystal. Since it has an internal grounding capacitor , no external compensation components are required; the microcontroller uses a crystal with a frequency of 11.059 2 MHz, mainly to obtain an accurate baud rate when setting the baud rate, which can effectively avoid the accumulated error caused by the timer operation. The external compensation components are two 30 pF capacitors . In order to prevent malfunctions during the operation of the microcontroller program, the microcontroller EA/VPP terminal (pin 31) should be set to a high level to ensure that the microcontroller accesses the internal program memory. Since both the modem chip MSM7512B and the single-chip microcomputer W77E58 support TTL level, the first serial communication port TXD and RXD of the single-chip microcomputer can be directly connected to the XD and RD of the MSM75125B; the P1.0 and P1.1 of the single-chip microcomputer are respectively connected to: MOD2 and MOD1 of the MSM7512B, according to the communication requirements, switching between sending and receiving to control the working state of the modem chip; P1.4 controls the conversion of the receiving/transmitting state of the wireless radio (PTT). The AO and AI of the MSM75125B are respectively connected to the transmitter/receiver of the wireless radio through the interface circuit. The display circuit used as the external monitoring of the system is composed entirely of light-emitting diodes and resistors . The red light-emitting diode D1 is the power supply indicator. If it is on, it means that the system initialization process is correct; the yellow light-emitting diode D2 is the correct transmission indicator. It should flash once every time the system completes a data transmission task correctly; D3 is the carrier detection indicator. If it is on, it means that the modem has detected a valid carrier signal in the channel; D4 is the data transmission indicator. It starts to flash when the system sends data until the data is sent. If the front-end sensor has data to be transmitted, a falling edge pulse is generated to trigger the external interrupt INTO (P3.2) of the microcontroller. After the microcontroller responds to the interrupt, the 8-bit parallel data from the front is read in from the P2 port (P2.0~P2.5). Since the P2 port has a pull-up resistor inside, it can be driven by TTL or MOS circuits when used as an input port , without an external pull-up resistor. The serial communication port 2 of W77E58 can be reserved as a system expansion port.

2 Interface circuit between receiving modem and microcontroller

The use and control of the modem circuit of the receiving side and the modem circuit of the battlefield sensor side in the single-chip microcomputer and the modulation and demodulation chip are the same. The difference is that the second serial port of the single-chip microcomputer is connected to the RS 232C port of the computer through the level conversion circuit to transmit the received digital signal to the microcomputer. The interface circuit of the receiving side modem and the single-chip microcomputer is shown in Figure 2. The function of the light-emitting diode display circuit is also not exactly the same. D1~D8 is the display of received data, which can display the correctly received data in the form of binary numbers, D9 is the power supply indicator of the system, D10 is the correct transmission indicator, D11 is the carrier detection indicator, and D12 is the data transmission indicator.

3 Design of the interface circuit between modem and PC

The interface between the modem and the PC is actually the interface circuit between the single-chip microcomputer W77E58 in the modem and the PC. W77E58 supports TTL level, while the microcomputer serial communication port RS 232C supports EIA level. Therefore, when realizing serial communication between them, a level conversion circuit must be designed to meet their respective needs.

The level conversion circuit is the interface circuit between the command center modem and the microcomputer. It is also a component of the data wireless transmission system hardware circuit (command center side). Its working process is as follows: the digital signal demodulated by the modem is processed by the single-chip microcomputer, and then transmitted from the serial communication port 2 of W77E58, through the level conversion chip MAX232, the RS 232C port (DB9) of the PC and the UART inside the microcomputer, and finally transmitted to the CPU and displayed on the monitoring platform. The circuit schematic is shown in Figure 3.

4. Software Design for Wireless Image Transmission

The program is divided into five parts. The three main programs are: the sender's single-chip microcomputer program, the receiver's single-chip microcomputer program and the microcomputer receiving program; the two subroutines are: the error handling subroutine and the sending delay subroutine.

The communication between the sender and receiver and between the microcontroller and the PC is done by software "handshake" signal. All communication "handshake" signals are #0AAH, the response signal is #00H after correct reception, and #0FFH if the reception is wrong.

When there is no data to be transmitted on the sensor side, the MSM7512B is programmed to work in power saving mode through the microcontroller's programming control. At this time, the power consumption of the modem chip (excluding W77E58) is only 0.1 mW, which can maximize the battery life.

The logic control relationship between the single-chip microcomputer and MSM7512B is: P1.0→MOD2, P1.1→MOD1, P1.5→AOG, and P1.4→radio station PTT. The single-chip microcomputer controls MSM7512B and the radio station to perform receiving and transmitting conversion. When the front-end sensor has data transmission, a falling edge pulse signal is generated to start the program of the entire system. After the data transmission is completed, the system returns to the initial state. The P1.5 port of the single-chip microcomputer controls the output level of the MSM7512B.

Set the two serial ports of the microcontroller to work in serial port working mode 1; timer T1 works in mode 2 (automatically reloads initial value) and acts as a baud rate generator. By adjusting the initial value of T1, it is used to select three rates: 1200 b/s, 600 b/s and 300 b/s; timer T2 works in mode 1 and acts as a timer to design and arrange delays.

In the process of system design, in order to reduce the influence of low sensitivity of radio station and poor channel quality and error, the sender needs to send "handshake" contact signals 5 times in a row. The receiver will confirm that it is a valid contact and respond after receiving the correct contact signal twice in a row. Otherwise, it will be considered as an interference signal and will not respond. This can not only reduce the possibility of missed reports caused by various reasons that the receiver program does not start running, but also ensure that the receiver does not operate incorrectly due to interference signals, reducing the probability of false reports. In addition, considering the various delay times required for the radio station's transceiver conversion and the transceiver conversion of the modulation and demodulation chip, a delay time is specially arranged when designing the program. After a lot of experiments, a more appropriate delay time is obtained, that is, no matter which party is communicating, after switching from the receiving state to the transmitting state, a delay of 70 ms is first made, because if the time is too short, the system cannot work normally, and if it is too long, it may affect the data transmission rate and reduce the timeliness of data transmission. The program flow chart of the system data transmitter and receiver microcontroller is shown in Figure 4.

5 Conclusion

Through understanding the performance characteristics of the MSM7512B modem chip, the actual circuits of the transmitter and receiver modems are designed. Then, after briefly introducing the performance characteristics of the single-chip computer W77E58 with dual serial port functions, the hardware circuit diagram of the serial communication between the receiving single-chip computer and the PC of the data wireless transmission system is given , and the design process of the Mod-dem and radio interface circuit is described. Finally, the characteristics of the single-chip computer software of the entire system are described. The design schematic diagram of the wireless sensor network data wireless transmission system is given as a whole.

Wireless sensor networks involve sensor technology, network communication technology, wireless transmission technology, embedded computing technology, microelectronics manufacturing technology, software programming technology and other fields. They are interdisciplinary and have broad application prospects in military, civil defense, environment, ecology, agriculture, health, family and other fields. In special fields such as space exploration and disaster relief, sensor networks have their unique technical advantages.