The stack is actually a continuous space in the memory, but it is special because of the stack pointer. The stack is generally divided into two types:
Keywords：ARM
Reference address：Understanding of the ARM stack
Growing upward: The stack pointer grows toward higher addresses, which is called an increasing stack.
Growing downward: The stack pointer grows toward lower addresses, which is called a descending stack.
For a stack, the end where insertion or deletion can be performed is called the top of the stack, and the other end is called the bottom of the stack. Since the stack only allows operations at one end, it operates on the principle of last in, first out. The stack pointer points to the last valid data item pushed into the stack.
Why do we say "grow upward or grow downward"? This is a matter of habit. Generally, when drawing a stack diagram, it is customary to draw the low address at the bottom and the high address at the top, as shown in the following figure:
In ARM, although both types of stacks are supported, general program compilers only support one type, that is, growing from top to bottom, satisfying the full-decreasing method (the stack grows downward by reducing the address of the memory, and the stack pointer points to the lowest address containing valid data items), so instructions such as LDMFD and STMFD are generally used.
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