What are the types of batteries?

1. Disposable battery: thrown away after use and cannot be reused.

Carbon zinc batteries, alkaline batteries, paste zinc manganese batteries, cardboard zinc manganese batteries, alkaline zinc manganese batteries, button batteries (button zinc silver batteries, button lithium manganese batteries, button zinc manganese batteries), zinc air batteries, primary lithium manganese batteries, etc., mercury batteries.

According to the use of isolation layer, they are divided into paste type and plate type batteries. The plate type is further divided into C type (ammonium type) and P type (zinc type) cardboard batteries according to the different electrolyte solutions.

The traditional paste-type zinc-manganese dry battery uses natural manganese dioxide with low activity as the positive electrode material, the separator is a paste isolation layer of starch and flour, the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride mainly composed of H4CL, and the negative electrode is a zinc cylinder. Its discharge performance is generally poor, the capacity is low, and the battery is prone to leakage at the end of use, but it is cheap.

C-type (ammonium-type) cardboard batteries are based on paste-type batteries, with pulp paper replacing paste paper. Not only does the positive electrode filling volume increase by about 30%, but 30-70% of high-activity manganese replaces natural manganese, so the capacity is increased and the scope of use is expanded. It is mostly used in small current discharge occasions, such as clocks, remote controls, radios, flashlights, etc.

P-type (zinc-type) cardboard batteries use zinc chloride as the main electrolyte, and the positive electrode materials are all made of highly active manganese powder, such as electrolytic manganese, active manganese, etc. Their leakage resistance is much higher than that of paste-type and C-type batteries. They are mostly used in large current continuous discharge situations, such as cameras, flash drives, tape recorders, shavers, electric toys, etc.

Cylindrical alkaline zinc-manganese battery, also known as alkaline manganese battery, commonly known as alkaline battery, is the best performance variety in the zinc-manganese battery series. It was developed on the basis of zinc-manganese battery in the mid-20th century and is an improved version of zinc-manganese battery. The battery uses potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution as electrolyte, and adopts a negative electrode structure opposite to that of zinc-manganese battery. The negative electrode is a paste colloid inside, copper nails are used as current collectors, and the positive electrode is outside. The active material and conductive material are pressed into a ring shape and connected to the battery shell. The positive and negative electrodes are separated by a special diaphragm.

Its outer shell is generally made of 08F nickel-plated steel strip through cold rolling and stamping, and also serves as the positive electrode collector. The electrolytic manganese dioxide positive electrode material is pressed into a ring and tightly attached to the inner wall of the column to ensure good contact. The negative electrode is made of powdered zinc particles and made into a paste. It is located in the middle of the battery, and the negative electrode collector (the negative electrode is generally a copper nail) is inserted in between. The current collector is connected to the bottom of the negative electrode. Inside the battery, the positive electrodes are separated by a diaphragm (isolation layer), and the outside is separated by a nylon or polypropylene sealing ring, which also realizes the sealing of the battery. The outside of the battery is almost the same as that of a general battery.

2 Secondary battery: rechargeable and reusable

Secondary alkaline zinc-manganese batteries, nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries, nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries, lithium rechargeable batteries, lead-acid batteries, solar cells. Lead-acid batteries can be divided into: open lead-acid batteries and fully sealed lead-acid batteries.

Nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd) chemical batteries (secONdary batteries

Ni-MH battery

Li-ion batteries

Lead-acid batteries

Other

Physical battery physical energy

Solar cells

Microbial Batteries

Polymer battery

Any battery consists of four basic components, the four main components are two electrodes of different materials, electrolyte, separator and casing.

3. Green battery

Refers to a type of high-performance, pollution-free battery that has been put into use or is being developed in recent years, including metal hydride nickel batteries and lithium-ion batteries that are currently in use, mercury-free alkaline zinc-manganese primary batteries that are being promoted, as well as fuel cells and solar cells (photovoltaic cells).

4 Lead-acid batteries

In 1859, Frenchman Plante discovered that the battery is composed of five basic parts: positive plate, negative plate, electrolyte, separator, and container (battery tank). It uses lead dioxide as the positive active material, lead as the negative active material, sulfuric acid as the electrolyte, and microporous rubber, sintered polyvinyl chloride, glass fiber, polypropylene, etc. as separators.

5 Nickel-cadmium batteries and metal hydride batteries

Both use nickel oxide or nickel hydroxide as the positive electrode, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide aqueous solution as the electrolyte solution, and metal cadmium or metal hydride as the negative electrode. Metal hydride batteries were invented in the late 1980s using the electrochemical reversibility of hydrogen absorption alloys and hydrogen release reactions, and are the leading product of small secondary batteries.

6 Lithium-ion battery

Batteries that use metallic lithium or lithium compounds as active materials are generally called lithium batteries, which are divided into primary lithium batteries and secondary lithium batteries.

A battery made of carbon materials that can embed and de-embed lithium ions instead of pure lithium as the negative electrode, lithium compounds as the positive electrode, and a mixed electrolyte as the electrolyte liquid.

The positive electrode material of lithium-ion batteries is usually composed of active compounds of lithium, while the negative electrode is carbon with a special molecular structure. The main component of common positive electrode materials is LiCoO2. When charging, the potential applied to the two poles of the battery forces the positive electrode compound to release lithium ions and embed them into the carbon of the negative electrode molecules arranged in a sheet structure. When discharging, lithium ions are precipitated from the carbon sheet structure and recombined with the positive electrode compound. The movement of lithium ions generates current.

Although the principle of chemical reaction is very simple, there are many practical issues that need to be considered in actual industrial production: the positive electrode material requires additives to maintain its activity during multiple charges and discharges, and the negative electrode material needs to be designed at the molecular structure level to accommodate more lithium ions; the electrolyte filled between the positive and negative electrodes, in addition to maintaining stability, also needs to have good conductivity to reduce the internal resistance of the battery.

Although lithium batteries have almost no memory effect, their capacity will still decrease after multiple charges and discharges. The main reason is the changes in the positive and negative electrode materials themselves. From a molecular level, the hole structure that accommodates lithium ions on the positive and negative electrodes will gradually collapse and become blocked; from a chemical point of view, it is the active passivation of the positive and negative electrode materials, and side reactions will occur to generate other stable compounds. Physically, the positive electrode material will gradually peel off, which ultimately reduces the number of lithium ions that can move freely in the battery during the charge and discharge process.

Overcharging and overdischarging will cause permanent damage to the positive and negative electrodes of lithium batteries. From a molecular level, it can be intuitively understood that overdischarging will cause excessive release of lithium ions from the negative electrode carbon, causing its layer structure to collapse, and overcharging will force too many lithium ions into the negative electrode carbon structure, making some of the lithium ions no longer able to be released. This is why lithium batteries are usually equipped with charge and discharge control circuits.

7 Fuel Cells

Refers to a device that uses fuel (such as hydrogen or hydrogen-containing fuel) and oxidant (such as pure oxygen or oxygen in the air) to directly connect and generate electricity. It has the characteristics of high efficiency, electrochemical reaction conversion efficiency of more than 40%, and no polluting gas discharge.