It turns out that these components are the most likely to cause circuit failures.
Latest update time：2024-02-19
Reads：
▲
For more exciting content, please click
the blue words
above
to follow us!
Capacitor failure
Failures caused by capacitor damage are the highest in electronic equipment, among which damage to electrolytic capacitors is the most common. Capacitor damage manifests as: reduced capacity, complete loss of capacity, leakage, and short circuit.
Capacitors play different roles in circuits, and the faults they cause have different characteristics: in industrial control circuit boards, digital circuits account for the vast majority, and capacitors are mostly used for power supply filtering, while fewer capacitors are used for signal coupling and oscillation circuits. If the electrolytic capacitor used in the switching power supply is damaged, the switching power supply may not vibrate and have no voltage output;
Or the output voltage is not filtered well, and the logic of the circuit is confused due to voltage instability, which manifests as the machine working intermittently or failing to start. If the capacitor is between the positive and negative poles of the power supply of the digital circuit, the fault will behave the same as above.
This is especially obvious on computer motherboards. After a few years of use, many computers sometimes fail to turn on and sometimes can turn on. When you open the case, you can often see bulging electrolytic capacitors. If you remove the capacitor, measure the capacity. , found to be much lower than the actual value.
The life of the capacitor is directly related to the ambient temperature. The higher the ambient temperature, the shorter the life of the capacitor. This rule applies not only to electrolytic capacitors, but also to other capacitors. Therefore, when looking for faulty capacitors, you should focus on checking capacitors that are relatively close to the heat source, such as capacitors next to heat sinks and high-power components. The closer they are to them, the greater the possibility of damage. Therefore, some emphasis should be placed on maintenance and search.
Some capacitors have serious leakage and may even be hot when touched with fingers. Such capacitors must be replaced. When inspecting and repairing faults that come and go, except for the possibility of poor contact, most of the faults are generally caused by damaged capacitors. Therefore, when encountering such a fault, you can focus on checking the capacitor. After replacing the capacitor, you will often be pleasantly surprised.
Resistor failure
It is often seen that many beginners are tossing around with resistors when repairing circuits, disassembling and welding them. In fact, they can repair a lot more. As long as you understand the damage characteristics of resistors, you don't have to spend a lot of time.
Resistors are the most numerous components in electrical equipment, but they are not the components with the highest damage rate. The most common type of resistor damage is an open circuit. It is less common for the resistance value to increase, and it is very rare for the resistance value to decrease. Common ones include carbon film resistors, metal film resistors, wirewound resistors and fuse resistors.
The first two types of resistors are the most widely used. Their damage characteristics are: first, the damage rate is higher for low resistance values (below 100Ω) and high resistance values (above 100kΩ), and for intermediate resistance values (such as several hundred ohms to tens of kiloohms). Rarely damaged; secondly, when low-resistance resistors are damaged, they are often burnt and blackened, which is easy to find, while when high-resistance resistors are damaged, there are few traces.
Wirewound resistors are generally used for large current limiting, and the resistance is not large; when cylindrical wirewound resistors are burned out, some will turn black or have skin or cracks on the surface, and some will have no trace; cement resistors are a type of wirewound resistors , it may break when burned out, otherwise there will be no visible traces; when the fuse resistor is burned out, some surfaces will explode with a piece of skin, and some will have no traces, but they will never be burned and blackened. Based on the above characteristics, you can focus on checking the resistor and quickly find the damaged resistor.
Based on the characteristics listed above, we can first observe whether there are any traces of burnt black on the low-resistance resistors on the circuit board. Then, based on the characteristics that most of the resistors are open-circuited or the resistance increases when the resistors are damaged, and the high-resistance resistors are easily damaged, We can use a multimeter to directly measure the resistance at both ends of the high-resistance resistor on the circuit board.
If the measured resistance value is greater than the nominal resistance value, the resistor must be damaged (note that the resistance value is stable before making a conclusion, because there may be parallel capacitive components in the circuit, and there is a charging and discharging process). If the measured resistance value is greater than the nominal resistance value, the resistor must be damaged. If the value is smaller than the nominal resistance, it is generally ignored. In this way, every resistor on the circuit board is measured once. Even if a thousand are "killed" by mistake, one will not be missed.
Op amp failure
It is difficult for many electronic repairmen to judge the quality of operational amplifiers, not only because of their education level. I would like to discuss it with you, hoping it will be helpful to everyone.
The ideal operational amplifier has the characteristics of "virtual short" and "virtual open". These two characteristics are very useful for analyzing operational amplifier circuits for linear applications. In order to ensure linear operation, the op amp must work in a closed loop (negative feedback). If there is no negative feedback, the op amp under open-loop amplification becomes a comparator. If you want to judge the quality of a device, you should first distinguish whether the device is used as an amplifier or a comparator in the circuit.
According to the principle of virtual short circuit of the amplifier, that is to say, if the operational amplifier is working normally, the voltage of its non-inverting input terminal and the inverting input terminal must be equal. Even if there is a difference, it will be mv level. Of course, in some high input impedance circuits, a multimeter The internal resistance will have some influence on the voltage test, but generally it will not exceed 0.2V. If there is a difference of more than 0.5V, the amplifier will undoubtedly be broken.
If the device is used as a comparator, the non-inverting input terminal and the inverting input terminal are allowed to be different. If the same direction voltage > the reverse voltage, the output voltage is close to the positive maximum value; if the same direction voltage < the reverse voltage, the output voltage is close to 0V or the negative maximum value (depending on the dual power supply or single power supply). If the detected voltage does not comply with this rule, the device will definitely be damaged! This way you don't have to use substitution, and you don't have to remove the chip on the circuit board to determine whether the op amp is good or bad.
SMT component failure
Some chip components are very small, and it is very inconvenient to use ordinary multimeter test leads to test and repair them. First, it is easy to cause short circuits. Second, it is inconvenient for circuit boards coated with insulating coating to touch the metal parts of component pins. Here I will tell you a simple method, which will bring a lot of convenience to the detection.
Take two of the smallest sewing needles and place them close to the multimeter pens. Then take a thin copper wire from a multi-strand cable. Use the thin copper wire to tie the test pens and sewing needles together, and then solder them firmly. . In this way, when using a test pen with a small needle tip to test those SMT components, there is no risk of short circuit, and the needle tip can pierce the insulating coating and go straight to the key parts, so you no longer have to bother to scrape those membranes.
Public power short circuit fault
During circuit board maintenance, it is often a big problem if you encounter a short-circuit fault in the public power supply, because many devices share the same power supply, and every device using this power supply is suspected of being short-circuited.
If there are not many components on the board, you can eventually find the short circuit point by "hoeing the ground"; if there are too many components, whether you can find the problem by "hoeing the ground" depends on luck. Here we recommend a more effective method. Using this method, you can get twice the result with half the effort, and you can often find the fault point quickly.
You need a power supply with adjustable voltage and current, voltage 0-30V, current 0-3A. This power supply is not expensive, about 300 yuan. Adjust the open circuit voltage to the device power supply voltage level, first adjust the current to the minimum, then add this voltage to the power supply voltage point of the circuit, such as the 5V and 0V terminals of the 74 series chip, and slowly increase the current depending on the degree of the short circuit.
Touch the device with your hands. When you feel that a certain device is obviously hot, it is often a damaged component. You can remove it for further measurement and confirmation. Of course, the voltage must not exceed the working voltage of the device during operation, and it cannot be connected reversely, otherwise other good devices will be burned out.
Board failure
More and more boards are used in industrial control, and many boards use gold fingers to insert into the slots. Due to the harsh industrial site environment, dusty, humid, and corrosive gas environments can easily cause poor contact failure of the board. Many friends may have solved the problem by replacing the board, but the cost of purchasing the board is very considerable, especially for some Boards for imported equipment.
In fact, you might as well use an eraser to rub the gold finger repeatedly several times, clean the dirt on the gold finger, and then try the machine again. The problem may be solved. The method is simple and practical.
Electrical failure
Various electrical faults that come and go may include the following situations in terms of probability:
-
Poor contact: poor contact between the board and the slot, poor communication when the cable is broken internally, poor contact between the wire plug and terminal block, and weak soldering of components, etc. all fall into this category;
-
Signal interference: For digital circuits, faults will occur under specific circumstances. It may be that the interference is too great and affects the control system causing errors. There may also be changes in individual component parameters or overall performance parameters of the circuit board. The anti-interference ability tends to the critical point and malfunction occurs;
-
Poor thermal stability of components: Judging from a large number of maintenance practices, the thermal stability of electrolytic capacitors is first of all, followed by other capacitors, transistors, diodes, ICs, resistors, etc.;
-
There is moisture, dust, etc. on the circuit board: moisture and dust will conduct electricity and have a resistance effect, and the resistance value will also change during the process of thermal expansion and contraction. This resistance value will have a parallel effect with other components, and this effect is relatively strong. When the circuit parameters are changed, the fault will occur;
-
Software is also one of the factors to consider: many parameters in the circuit are adjusted using software, and the margins of some parameters are adjusted too low and are in the critical range. When the machine operating conditions meet the reasons for the software to determine the fault, an alarm will appear.
Source: Internet
· END ·
京公网安备 11010802033920号