Design of automotive intelligent MP3 wireless transmitter

Introduction
The car MP3 wireless transmitter can send the music stored in the MP3 player through FM broadcast, then receive it through the FM radio and play it through the car stereo. This article uses microcontroller AT89C52 and digital phase-locked loop MC145152 to design a car MP3 wireless transmitter. Judging from the simulation results and the operation of the target prototype, the expected results have been achieved.

System composition
Figure 1 is the system composition block diagram of the automotive intelligent MP3 wireless transmitter. It mainly consists of MC145152 and MC1648 to form a digital phase-locked loop frequency synthesizer, and uses a varactor diode MV209 for frequency modulation. Users can use simple buttons to control and monitor the transmission frequency through the microcontroller AT89C52, while using the LCD to display feedback information. In addition, the serial port can be used to realize communication between the microcontroller and the computer, so that the transmitter can be intelligently controlled through the computer. Audio sources can not only be obtained from car MP3 players, but can also be provided through computers or even using network resources.

Figure 1 System block diagram Design

of each component module Design of
digital phase-locked loop frequency synthesizer
This article uses MC145152. This chip integrates crystal oscillator, reference frequency divider, frequency/phase detector, programmable frequency divider and other circuits. Simplifies circuit design. At the same time, the microcontroller is used to control the MC145152 to determine the corresponding relationship between the frequency division coefficients A, N and the transmission frequency.
The control of the frequency synthesizer is realized by the microcontroller, as shown in the formula f0 = (P × N + A) × fr (where f0 is the VCO output frequency, P is the frequency division coefficient of the high-speed frequency divider in Figure 1, and N and A are the microcontroller. Programmable frequency division coefficient, fr is the frequency modulation step value). It can be seen that the output frequency can be controlled by A and N. The values ​​of A and N are respectively from P2.2~P2.7 (6 bits) and P0 port (8 bits) of the microcontroller. ) to MC145152. Originally, sending the N value requires a 10-bit data line, but because f0 belongs to the 88~108MHz frequency band, if the 10KHz frequency modulation step value fr is used, and calculated according to the formula f0=(P×N+A)×fr, the highest bit of the N value can be obtained ( N9, N8) are always 0, which can save the output port of the microcontroller and connect the N9 and N8 pins of MC145152 directly to ground.
The voltage controlled oscillator is a key part of the frequency synthesis circuit. It uses the integrated VCO chip MC1648. Its operating voltage is 5V, the output frequency can reach up to 225MHz, and the output waveform distortion is small. It uses a parallel LC resonance composed of a varactor diode MV09 and an inductor. Tank circuit, the oscillation frequency will be controlled by the bias voltage of the varactor diode.
Design of high-speed frequency divider
Since the frequency of the transmitter is as high as 88MHz, MC145152 cannot directly divide it. The high-speed frequency divider of ECL (non-saturated logic circuit) must be used to pre-divide the frequency to reduce the frequency, and then use MC145152 Divide the frequency further to obtain a frequency equal to the reference frequency, and perform phase identification. In order to make the frequency division coefficient continuously adjustable, the programmable frequency division circuit uses the swallowing pulse counting method, which is composed of ECL's high-speed frequency divider MC12022 and the ÷A subtraction counter and ÷N subtraction counter inside MC145152.
Control circuit design and frequency calculation
The functions of the control circuit include: responding to key input, controlling the liquid crystal display, calculating and outputting control signals to MC145152, and monitoring the transmit frequency. The microcontroller uses an 11.0592MHz crystal oscillator, which is connected from the X1 and X2 ports. The two pins of the crystal oscillator are connected to a 30pF load capacitor to ground.
Frequency measurement can be completed using a microcontroller. There are two timers/counters inside the microcontroller, one is used for timing and generates a standard time base gate signal, and the other is used for counting, counting the number of pulses input during the gate time, and then converting it to obtain the actual input frequency.
Similar to the MC145152, the microcontroller cannot directly measure at frequencies up to 88MHz. The transmit frequency must be pre-divided first, down to the frequency range that the microcontroller can measure, and converted into a universal TTL level, and then connected to the frequency measurement interface. The measured results are displayed on LCD. The output frequency of MC12022 is at least 88MHz/64=1.375MHz, which is higher than the frequency limit of the microcontroller and cannot be used directly. Therefore, it is necessary to connect another frequency divider with a frequency division coefficient of 100. This article uses the cheaper frequency divider 74HC390 .
The VCO output frequency range is 88 MHz ~108MHz. First, the reference frequency fc should be determined, and fr is the step size (frequency interval). fr can be determined by Equation 1.
???? (1)
Since the R value is fixed, you can only choose from 8 reference values. If fc uses a 10.2400MHz crystal oscillator as the standard frequency, divide it by ÷R, and R is 2048. The frequency division is 5KHz pulse signal as fr. This value can be changed by microcontroller.
The range of N value and A value determined by fr should be within the MC145152 working range (A value range 0~63, N value range 0~1023), and must satisfy N>A. Using the swallowing pulse counting method, Equation 2 is the total frequency division ratio. As long as N>A, even though P is a fixed value, Σ can be continuous as long as the values ​​of N and A are chosen reasonably.
??? (2)
At this time, f0 is locked at:
f0=(P×N+A)×fr??? (3)
Where N is 0~1023; A is 0~63; P=64 (determined by MC12022 ). The parameters corresponding to each frequency can be easily calculated through calculation formulas.

Software design
The key to software design is the control and frequency measurement display of MC145152. The functions implemented by the software are:
① Set the frequency interval fr÷R, that is, determine the frequency modulation step;
② Set the values ​​of the frequency division coefficients A and N to obtain the required output frequency;
③ Measure the output frequency and display it;
④ Drive the liquid crystal monitor.
Program design of the control and display part of MC145152
Figure 2 is the software design flow chart. The crystal oscillator frequency is 10.2400MHz. First determine its frequency interval and divide it by ÷R. If R is 2048, the frequency interval is 5kHz. By changing the counting method, the frequency modulation step values ​​that can be obtained are 5kHz, 100kHz and 500kHz respectively. The calculation of A and N values ​​can be completed by the aforementioned formulas. However, in programming, the algorithm is not written as a program, but A must be found. , the changing rule of N. Table 1 shows the A and N values ​​corresponding to different step values ​​(only part of them are listed due to space limitations). When the step values ​​are 5kHz, 100kHz, and 500kHz respectively, the A value increases by 1, 20, and 36 respectively, because the A value range is 0~63, and N>A must be satisfied. In programming, there is no need to store every change in the microcontroller. Instead, a variable fa is used, whose values ​​correspond to different steps, and the values ​​are 1, 20, or 36. This saves system resources, and the A and N values ​​can be determined according to the set frequency and sent to MC145152.

Figure 2? Software design flow chart

Frequency measurement subroutine
Frequency measurement is to measure and display the set output frequency in real time. Programming is implemented in C language. The program includes four modules: frequency divider, frequency measurement controller, counter and latch. Finally, the measured data is latched and sent to the LCD display. The principle is to use a counter to count pulses of the measured frequency. When the clock period is Is, the number of pulses measured is the measured frequency. Frequency measurement control is designed to complete automatic frequency measurement. It controls the work of the counter so that its counting period is Is. It stops counting after Is, sends the count value at this time to the latch, and clears the counter at the same time. Zero, starts counting for the next cycle, and the count value is the measured frequency.

Conclusion
In the process of developing a car MP3 wireless transmitter, several sets of frequency synthesis design solutions were used. After comparison, a digital phase-locked loop frequency synthesis circuit controlled by a single chip microcomputer and MC145152 as the core was finally selected to achieve automatic frequency tracking. The center frequency stability meets the requirements. Designed as a CNC variable frequency, any frequency can be obtained. After testing, it has relatively high frequency stability and reliability.

References
1 Zhang Yuxing. Radio frequency analog circuit[M]. Beijing: Electronic Industry Press, 2000.
2 AD8318 Data Sheet.Analog Device Inc.http://www.analog.com