Gallstones are stones formed in the bile duct. For some reason, the dissolved components in bile become insoluble, forming crystals or precipitates to form stones. According to their main components, they can be divided into three categories: cholesterol stones, bile pigment stones, and rare stones mainly composed of other components. The causes of gallstones include metabolic abnormalities, bile stasis, and cholangitis. Cholesterol and bile pigments are insoluble in water, but they form a dissolved state of micelles due to the action of bile acid and lecithin. The above-mentioned pathogenic factors change the composition of bile. For example, if bile acid is reduced, the micelle state changes, and the dissolved components precipitate to form gallstones. Gallstones can also be seen in other animals. The Chinese medicine bezoar is ox gallstones.
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