Understanding of STM32 IO output mode-EEWORLD

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Here is the difference between open-drain and push-pull:

Open-drain output means no output voltage, it is grounded when low level, and not grounded when high level. If an external pull-up resistor is connected, the voltage will be pulled to the power supply voltage of the pull-up resistor when the output is high level. This method is suitable when the voltage of the connected peripheral is lower than the voltage of the microcontroller.

Push-pull output means that the microcontroller pin can directly output a high-level voltage. It is grounded when it is low level, and outputs the microcontroller power supply voltage when it is high level. This method does not require a pull-up resistor. However, if the output terminal may be grounded, outputting a high level at this time may cause the microcontroller to run unstably, and may even burn out the pin.

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