Basic Concepts of A/D and D/A-EEWORLD

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　　A/D is the conversion from analog to digital, relying on the analog to digital converter (ADC); D/A is the conversion from digital to analog, relying on the digital to analog converter (DAC). Their principles are exactly the same, but the conversion directions are different, so we mainly use A/D as an example to explain the process.

　　Many students feel that A/D is a difficult part when they learn it, and they don't have a clear grasp of the concept. I personally think the main reason is not the technical problem, but the lack of understanding of life. There are many examples of A/D in our lives, but they are not used in the field of single-chip microcomputers. Now I will take you to understand the concept of A/D.

　　What is an analog quantity? It refers to the variable that changes continuously within a certain range, that is, it can take any value within a certain range. For example, our ruler can take any value from 0 to 1 meter. What is an arbitrary value? It can be 1cm, 1.001cm, and of course 10.000... with infinite decimals behind it. In short, there are infinite intermediate values between any two numbers, so it is called a continuously changing quantity, that is, an analog quantity.

　　The ruler we use is artificially marked with scale symbols, and the interval between each two scales is 1mm. This scale is actually the digitization of our analog quantity. Because there is a certain interval, it is not continuous, so in the professional field we call it discrete. Our ADC plays the role of expressing continuous signals with discrete numbers. Then we can use the ruler "ADC" to measure continuous analog quantities such as length or height. As shown in Figure 1, a simple schematic diagram of the ruler scale.

Schematic diagram of meter ruler scale

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of ruler scale

　　When we pour water into a cup, the water level will change with the amount of water poured in. Now use this ruler to measure the height of the water level in our cup. The water level changes continuously, but we can only read the height of the water level through the scale on the ruler to obtain the digital information of the water level we want. This process can be simply understood as ADC sampling in our circuit.

Reference address：Basic Concepts of A/D and D/A

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