Design of protection circuits for automotive electronics Author: Mitchell Lee Hua Bai Jeff Witt Linear Technology Corporation Keywords: battery, voltage, protection circuit Abstract: This article introduces the design of protection circuits for automotive electronics. The automotive environment is very harsh for electronic products: any circuit connected to the 12V power supply must operate within the nominal voltage range of 9V to 16V. Other pressing issues include load dump, cold crank, battery reverse, dual battery boost, spikes, noise, and extremely wide temperature range. During load dump, the output voltage of the alternator rises rapidly to 60V or higher; cold crank refers to starting the car at low temperatures, which causes the battery voltage to drop to 6V or less; battery reverse is caused by carelessly connecting the cable polarity when activating a dead battery. Many towing trucks are equipped with two 12V batteries connected in series to help start a car with a dead battery in cold weather. This will increase the voltage range of the electrical system to 28V until the car is started and the towing truck driver disconnects the jumper cables. Considering that the automotive electrical system consists of high-current motors, relays, solenoids, lights, and constantly chattering switch contacts, it is not surprising that spikes and noise are present. In addition, the alternator is a three-phase motor regulated by chopper excitation, which sometimes charges the battery with very high current. Therefore, circuit design for working in the automotive environment is particularly important to accommodate the high input voltage circuits generated during load dump and dual battery boost situations.
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