Base station power supply maintenance: The development of mobile communications in my country over the past decade can be described as ultra-high speed, and the maintenance of the power supply as the \"heart\" of communication is crucial. This article mainly discusses the power supply guarantee and maintenance issues of the DC power supply system for base stations. 1 DC power supply system for mobile communication base stations Mobile communication base station equipment uses a DC power supply system to provide energy. At present, a combined rack power supply system is used, equipped with a DC uninterruptible power supply system composed of a lead-acid battery pack with an online floating charge power supply system. Its power supply voltage is -48 V. The output current capacity of its rectifier depends on the host requirements, battery pack charging requirements, and uninterruptible power supply margin requirements. With the extremely wide application of the current combined rack power system, various manufacturers, especially professional manufacturers of well-known brands, have made great progress in its functions, performance and technical indicators. Its main features are: (1) Fully consider the needs of small size, light weight, easy installation and maintenance; (2) Standardization, modularization, and hot-swappable rectifier modules; (3) Adapt to a wide voltage range; (4) Fully consider the needs of lightning protection and surge protection; (5) All support the unattended function requirements for background management of the power system; (6) Consider the management function of the battery pack as much as possible; (7) Fully consider the primary and secondary power-off requirements under special circumstances; (8) Other safety and reliability designs such as earthquake resistance. Of course, it is undeniable that there are indeed certain differences in the selection of components and manufacturing process levels of different manufacturers, resulting in certain differences in the stability and reliability of equipment operation, and it can even be said that the good and the bad are mixed. Because of this, the importance of power supply maintenance is obvious. 2 General characteristics of mobile base stations General characteristics of mobile base stations: (1) Complex AC power supply. Some are three-phase power supply, some are single-phase power supply, and some are delivered by national power lines. However, there are also problems such as high voltage delivery to dedicated transformers, transformer capacity and line distance on the low voltage side; some may be directly connected to rural power grids, residential power lines or industrial power lines of factories and mines; which may lead to poor power supply quality, such as wide voltage fluctuation range, frequent voltage mutations, frequent power outages, etc. (2) There are many base stations, they are widely distributed, and the site environment varies greatly. In order to achieve network coverage, a large number of base stations have to be built on high mountains in the wild, high points of residential buildings, high temperature and high humidity areas, etc., which not only makes AC power supply difficult, but also increases the probability of lightning strikes, high temperature and high humidity lead to reduced equipment operation stability and life, and increased failure rate. (3) Unmanned operation. Once a problem occurs, not only is the direct cost of manual intervention maintenance and recovery high, but also the customer impact and indirect losses caused by \"station failure\" if it is not discovered in time are also very large. The above general characteristics of base stations lead to increased workload and difficulty in power supply guarantee and maintenance. The technical level of maintenance personnel is also greatly increased in some power supply failure and event handling. 3 Special suggestions for power supply maintenance Based on the above basic introduction, this article mainly makes several special suggestions on power supply guarantee and power supply maintenance: 3.1 AC power supply quality guarantee In base station construction, if conditions permit, it is still necessary to give priority to the use of national power lines with strong grid capacity. Even for outdoor high mountain stations, high voltage is directly delivered to the base station dedicated transformer. If the transformer capacity is selected appropriately and the distance of the low-voltage power supply line is appropriate, it will be the most ideal. (The selection of transformer capacity and low-voltage power supply line distance is mainly to consider that the voltage fluctuation caused by the frequent start and stop of the indoor air conditioner of the base station should not be too abnormal.) When selecting agricultural electricity, civil life electricity, and industrial and mining enterprise production electricity, try to avoid connecting with large load inductive or capacitive load lines to avoid excessive voltage fluctuations or even frequent surges. We should not assume that the reliability of the connection parts of the AC input and output lines inside the base station and even the rack power system will be permanent after the initial installation. In fact, checking these parts every time you enter the station for inspection will bring unexpected gains. In the rack power system, the selection of AC contactors, the selection of circuit breakers, fuses and air switches, the design of protection circuits, the design of AC power detection circuits, the selection of lightning protection and surge protection measures, etc., in fact, the plans of various suppliers and manufacturers are also mixed. As maintenance personnel, they should have the ability to make different maintenance plans for different equipment, because as manufacturers, they will definitely use one cent for one product to deal with the quality of the equipment they supply. For those special sites that often have abnormalities, special attention should be paid, such as shortening the inspection cycle, making inspection records, carrying out special maintenance, and adding appropriate AC voltage stabilizing equipment and lightning protection and surge protection equipment when necessary. 3.2 Implementation of lightning protection measures As mentioned in the general characteristics of mobile base stations in the previous article, it is impossible for mobile base stations to be built in buildings with intact electrical protection. Because in order to fully use the base station to improve signal coverage, its construction site must meet the requirements of the installation site. In some special locations, such as outdoor high-altitude stations in areas prone to lightning, the power supply system is bound to be vulnerable to lightning. At the same time, its RF lead is also led from outdoor to indoor, which is also a damage point for lightning strikes. If the protective measures are not effectively implemented, once the lightning is damaged, the system will fail at the least, or even be damaged at the worst. For operators, the loss is self-evident. The measures that need to be implemented are mainly the following: First, the protection of the AC power supply. At present, the mains power supply of most base stations first enters a small wall-mounted distribution box. For provinces like ours with medium or above thunderstorm intensity (there are more than 40 thunderstorm days per year. According to statistics from 1951 to 1985, there are 45.6 thunderstorm days in Changsha, 55.1 days in Hengyang, 64.9 days in Yongzhou, 49.8 days in Changde and Huaihua, 61.5 days in Chenzhou, 42.5 days in Yueyang, 57 days in Shaoyang, 47.3 days in Yiyang, and 50 days in Zhuzhou), if conditions permit, we should consider adding a special lightning protection box. At least, we should consider connecting a lightning arrester (SPD) with a maximum current capacity of 100kA to the distribution box. At present, the manufacturers of rack power systems are generally equipped with lightning arresters (SPDs) with a maximum current capacity of 40kA. The AC input of the rectifier module is usually equipped with a varistor. This step-by-step protection can generally provide due protection for the reliable operation of the base station power supply equipment. However, as maintenance personnel, they should fully check and record the electrical connections of these devices and the good condition of the devices themselves during the inspection, and update them in time when necessary. Second, the protection of the RF cable part. We know that the RF input end of the base station is relatively fragile and sensitive to lightning strikes. The parasitic conduction interference generated by lightning strikes may also cause the failure or even damage of the base station control equipment. Therefore, in addition to the need to use special RF cable lightning protection products, attention should also be paid to the inspection and guarantee of the goodness of its shielding grounding. The third is lightning protection and grounding. Regarding the lightning protection and grounding of mobile communication base stations, the Ministry of Information Industry has special design specifications and industry standards. Such as the requirements for grounding facilities, the requirements for AC system power supply methods, the requirements for power lines and introduction methods and grounding, the requirements for tower lightning arresters and grounding, the requirements for antenna feeder system grounding, the requirements for signal system grounding, the requirements for building grounding, the requirements for grounding of various metal components in the machine room, the requirements for grounding grids and grounding bodies, the requirements for grounding wires, grounding lead-in wires, and grounding resistance of grounding collection wires, etc. These specifications are generally met during the construction of base stations. The most important thing for operation and maintenance personnel is to ensure that these measures are effective in the long term. The most practical work is to check and ensure that the grounding resistance meets the specified requirements in a timely manner. 3.3. Try to improve the availability of the power supply system. The previous article has roughly described the basic functional level and technical level of the combined power supply system for base stations. It should be said that its design technology has reached a very mature level. Generally speaking, good and standardized use and maintenance are increasingly effective in improving its availability and extending its life. a) 1. Maintaining the availability of the rectifier module. The high-frequency switching power supply for mobile base stations currently adopts modular parallel connection. The output current of a single module ranges from 20A to 100A. The cooling methods include self-cooling and forced air cooling. The author believes that there is no need to worry about the technical indicators of the rectifier modules designed by well-known manufacturers, nor is there any need to worry too much about the self-protection function. Instead, some seemingly trivial maintenance issues need to be paid attention to. For example, when the system is selected, the base station is generally above 150-200A, which is far greater than the actual load (under normal circumstances, an ordinary base station together with the battery floating charge current is within 20A). So is the rectifier module in cold standby mode or fully invested? The author tends to the latter. The working life of electronic devices is actually very long, but it is not a good thing to be without power for a long time. Isn\'t it the same for electrolytic capacitors? What\'s more, the load is not high and the temperature rise is small, which has no effect on the life of power electronic devices. And it is conducive to dehumidification. For example, the AC input part of the rectifier module is basically connected with a varistor to take over the residual pressure of the front-stage lightning protection and surge protection device (SPD) to protect the back-end devices and circuits. However, when the AC voltage is high for a long time, it does not seem to be a pulse impact mode, but it causes a long-term increase in leakage current. In fact, there will be a kind of heat accumulation, which greatly affects its life. Therefore, it should be paid attention to during maintenance. It is better to replace the varistor with severe discoloration in advance. Some varistors will bring open flames when they burst. Don\'t underestimate their safety hazards. Another example is the problem of maintaining ambient temperature. We can\'t think that it is already stated in the manufacturer\'s manual. The temperature adaptation of the rectifier is generally marked as 45 degrees or higher, and there are temperature protection measures in the module, so we don\'t pay attention to the operation guarantee of the air conditioner in the computer room. In fact, this is a misunderstanding in terms of ensuring the availability of the rectifier module. For example, we all know that the relationship between the life of the electrolytic capacitor and the temperature is that the life decreases by 50% for every 10 degrees increase; the varistor not only reduces its life due to long-term excessive heat accumulation, but also may break down at any time or even catch fire; power devices and components are more sensitive to high temperature. Therefore, we should pay attention to the condition of the air-conditioning equipment during inspection and maintenance, and ensure that the air-conditioning should be able to start automatically when the AC power is cut off and then restored under unattended conditions. The ambient temperature of 10 to 30 degrees is appropriate, and the operation of the air-conditioning also brings about the effect of dehumidification in the computer room. Another example is the dust cover of the air-cooled rectifier module. It seems trivial, but the consequences of not paying attention to it are the same as those described in the previous ambient temperature maintenance. For example, the internal adjustment, parallel connection, protection, etc. of the rectifier module have been implemented by the microprocessor and the rack monitoring unit. Therefore, it is very important to understand the use and maintenance instructions and set and operate according to the prompts therein, otherwise it is sometimes inevitable that a slight difference will lead to a thousand miles of difference, which greatly affects the availability of the rectifier module. 3.3.2 Availability of lead-acid battery packs Battery packs are an important component of base stations to achieve uninterrupted DC power supply, and their investment is basically equivalent to that of rack power equipment. At present, mobile base stations all use valve-controlled sealed lead-acid batteries (referred to as VRLA batteries) developed at the end of the 20th century. Due to the use of valve-controlled sealed structure, there is no need to add acid or water for maintenance, no acid liquid or acid mist leaks, and they can be placed in the same room as the equipment. Due to the characteristics of small size, light weight, small self-discharge, less maintenance, long life, easy use, safety and reliability, they are very popular among users. However, we must see that on the one hand, the basic electrochemical principle of this battery remains unchanged, so its inherent electrical characteristics requirements have not only remained unchanged, but have become more stringent; on the other hand, in the early stage of the promotion of this battery, the manufacturer\'s manual sometimes more or less referred to this battery as a \"maintenance-free\" battery, causing some maintenance personnel to believe that this battery does not require maintenance, and this misunderstanding still has an impact today. Therefore, it is still very important to scientifically strengthen the maintenance and care of this battery pack to improve its availability. First, it is necessary to prevent overcharging. The life and performance of the battery are closely related to the heat accumulation generated inside the battery. The heat source inside the battery mainly comes from the power loss of the internal electrochemical reaction, which can be simply viewed as the product of the charging voltage and the charging current. In the oxygen recombination reaction, the floating charge current will increase and generate more heat. During constant voltage charging, the floating charge current will increase with the temperature rise, thereby further increasing the temperature. Thermal runaway is a unique phenomenon caused by the structure of valve-controlled sealed batteries. Thermal runaway often brings serious harm such as battery water loss, shell \"bulging\", etc., and in severe cases, the battery is scrapped. To prevent overcharging, the charging voltage value must be provided strictly in accordance with the manufacturer\'s instructions. Now the combined power supply can be set and intelligent management can be realized. It should be noted that the first thing is to set it correctly, and secondly, unauthorized personnel cannot change it at will. Second, prevent undercharging. Just the opposite of overcharging, undercharging is mainly caused by low or too low charging voltage settings. Or there is a problem with the rack system. Third, prevent over-discharge. The depth of discharge is closely related to the number of charge and discharge cycles (service life) designed for the battery. For example, when the discharge depth is 5%, the number of cycles is 10,000 times, and when the discharge depth is 50%, the number of cycles is only 800 times. Severe over-discharge will cause the battery to no longer be activated to the best state, or even scrapped. Different discharge rates have different discharge times and termination voltages, and the effective capacity released is also different, and is affected by the ambient temperature. The relevant curves are not listed or drawn here, and they are given in the battery manuals of different manufacturers. Maintenance personnel should pay attention to it and set it in the monitoring unit strictly according to the relevant data, and shall not change it at will. Now rack power supply manufacturers are designed with battery power-off function, that is, when the battery is discharged to the set termination voltage, the battery discharge circuit is automatically cut off through the monitoring command. Some manufacturers even consider that when the monitoring unit cannot detect the battery termination voltage or cannot issue a command for some reason (depending on its working power supply), another device is forced to cut off the circuit. Therefore, maintenance personnel should also pay attention to the reliability of these hardware circuits during inspections, and inspect and maintain them. Fourth, control the ambient temperature. When the battery temperature rises, the electrolyte activity intensifies, the battery internal resistance decreases, and the floating charge current increases, which leads to increased corrosion of the conductive components and reduced life; conversely, the electrolyte activity weakens, the battery internal resistance increases, and the battery\'s discharge capacity to the load is weakened. Therefore, it is very necessary to monitor the battery temperature and control and maintain the ambient temperature. At the same time, the charging voltage must be temperature compensated to avoid overcharging at high temperatures and undercharging at low temperatures. In most places where VRLA battery packs are used, the ambient temperature is controlled at around 25 degrees. Accelerated life tests show that if the ambient temperature rises by 10 degrees and the charging voltage is not adjusted, the battery life will be shortened by half. Fifth, the faulty battery should be replaced in time. Due to the process differences of each single cell, it may gradually \"lag behind\" under long-term floating charge. Therefore, there will be a management function for regular equalization of the battery pack in the monitoring unit in order to activate this lagging single cell so that it will no longer lag behind. But if it lags behind frequently, it may eventually become a faulty battery. We can use a variety of methods to determine whether it is terminally ill, such as conducting a capacity test on it alone, or testing its internal resistance online. The key is to replace the faulty battery in time, which is very important for the availability and even the life of the battery pack. Sixth, it is recommended to conduct capacity test and discharge test of the battery pack regularly. The capacity test is to check the battery pack. Of course, the workload is large, but considering the need and possibility, it is recommended to conduct sampling test when conditions permit. The above discussion is not all about the maintenance guarantee of base station communication power supply, but it should be said that it is some major precautions.2. The availability of lead-acid battery packs. Battery packs are an important part of the base station to achieve uninterrupted DC power supply, and their investment is basically equivalent to that of rack power equipment. At present, mobile base stations all use valve-controlled sealed lead-acid batteries (referred to as VRLA batteries) developed at the end of the 20th century. Due to the use of valve-controlled sealing structure, there is no need to add acid or water for maintenance, no acid liquid or acid mist leaks, and they can be placed in the same room as the equipment. Due to its small size, light weight, small self-discharge, less maintenance, long life, easy use, safety and reliability, it is very popular among users. However, we must see that on the one hand, the basic electrochemical principle of this battery remains unchanged, so its inherent electrical characteristics requirements have not only not changed, but have become more stringent; on the other hand, in the early stage of the promotion of this battery, the manufacturer\'s manual sometimes more or less referred to this battery as a \"maintenance-free\" battery, causing some maintenance personnel to believe that this battery does not require maintenance, and this misunderstanding still has an impact today. Therefore, it is still very important to scientifically strengthen the maintenance and care of this battery pack to improve its availability. First, it is necessary to prevent overcharging. The life and performance of the battery are closely related to the heat accumulation generated inside the battery. The heat source inside the battery mainly comes from the power loss of the internal electrochemical reaction, which can be simply viewed as the product of the charging voltage and the charging current. In the oxygen recombination reaction, the floating charge current will increase and generate more heat. During constant voltage charging, the floating charge current will increase with the temperature rise, thereby further increasing the temperature. Thermal runaway is a unique phenomenon caused by the structure of valve-controlled sealed batteries. Thermal runaway often brings serious harm such as battery water loss, shell \"bulging\", etc., and in severe cases, the battery is scrapped. To prevent overcharging, the charging voltage value must be provided strictly in accordance with the manufacturer\'s instructions. Now the combined power supply can be set and intelligent management can be realized. It should be noted that the first thing is to set it correctly, and secondly, unauthorized personnel cannot change it at will. Second, prevent undercharging. Just the opposite of overcharging, undercharging is mainly caused by low or too low charging voltage settings. Or there is a problem with the rack system. Third, prevent over-discharge. The depth of discharge is closely related to the number of charge and discharge cycles (service life) designed for the battery. For example, when the discharge depth is 5%, the number of cycles is 10,000 times, and when the discharge depth is 50%, the number of cycles is only 800 times. Severe over-discharge will cause the battery to no longer be activated to the best state, or even scrapped. Different discharge rates have different discharge times and termination voltages, and the effective capacity released is also different, and is affected by the ambient temperature. The relevant curves are not listed or drawn here, and they are given in the battery manuals of different manufacturers. Maintenance personnel should pay attention to it and set it in the monitoring unit strictly according to the relevant data, and shall not change it at will. Now rack power supply manufacturers are designed with battery power-off function, that is, when the battery is discharged to the set termination voltage, the battery discharge circuit is automatically cut off through the monitoring command. Some manufacturers even consider that when the monitoring unit cannot detect the battery termination voltage or cannot issue a command for some reason (depending on its working power supply), another device is forced to cut off the circuit. Therefore, maintenance personnel should also pay attention to the reliability of these hardware circuits during inspections, and inspect and maintain them. Fourth, control the ambient temperature. When the battery temperature rises, the electrolyte activity intensifies, the battery internal resistance decreases, and the floating charge current increases, which leads to increased corrosion of the conductive components and reduced life; conversely, the electrolyte activity weakens, the battery internal resistance increases, and the battery\'s discharge capacity to the load is weakened. Therefore, it is very necessary to monitor the battery temperature and control and maintain the ambient temperature. At the same time, the charging voltage must be temperature compensated to avoid overcharging at high temperatures and undercharging at low temperatures. In most places where VRLA battery packs are used, the ambient temperature is controlled at around 25 degrees. Accelerated life tests show that if the ambient temperature rises by 10 degrees and the charging voltage is not adjusted, the battery life will be shortened by half. Fifth, the faulty battery should be replaced in time. Due to the process differences of each single cell, it may gradually \"lag behind\" under long-term floating charge. Therefore, there will be a management function for regular equalization of the battery pack in the monitoring unit in order to activate this lagging single cell so that it will no longer lag behind. But if it lags behind frequently, it may eventually become a faulty battery. We can use a variety of methods to determine whether it is terminally ill, such as conducting a capacity test on it alone, or testing its internal resistance online. The key is to replace the faulty battery in time, which is very important for the availability and even the life of the battery pack. Sixth, it is recommended to conduct capacity test and discharge test of the battery pack regularly. The capacity test is to check the battery pack. Of course, the workload is large, but considering the need and possibility, it is recommended to conduct sampling test when conditions permit. The above discussion is not all about the maintenance guarantee of base station communication power supply, but it should be said that it is some major precautions.
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