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Infrastructure
IPv6: IPv6 is an Internet layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks.
6LoWPAN: It is the acronym for IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks. It is an IPv6 adaptation layer linked via IEEE802.15.4. The protocol only works in the 2.4 GHz frequency range with a transmission rate of 250kbps.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): (User Datagram Protocol: a simple OSI transport layer protocol for client/server network applications based on the Internet Protocol (IP). UDP is the main replacement for TCP and one of the oldest extant network protocols, introduced in 1980. UDP is often used in applications specifically tuned for real-time performance.
QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections, pronounced Quick) supports a set of multiplexed connections between two endpoints through the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), aiming to provide security protection equivalent to TLS/SSL while reducing connection and transmission delays and estimating bandwidth in each direction to avoid congestion.
Aeron: Efficient and reliable UDP unicast, UDP multicast, IPC message transport.
uIP is an open source TCP/IP protocol stack that can be used with 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers. It was originally developed by Adam Dunkels in the "Networked Embedded Systems" group at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science and obtained a BSD-style license, and was subsequently developed by a wide range of developers.
LwIP was developed by Adam Dunkels of the Swedish Institute of Computer Science. An open source TCP/IP protocol stack for embedded systems developed by Dunkels et al.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer) - The DTLS protocol provides communication privacy for datagram protocols. The protocol allows client/server applications to communicate in a manner designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, or forgery of messages. The DTLS protocol is based on the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol and provides equivalent security guarantees.
ROLL/RPL (IPv6 Routing for Low Power/Lossful Networks)
NanoIP is an abbreviation for nano Internet Protocol, which is a concept for bringing Internet-like network services to embedded and sensor devices without the overhead of TCP/IP. NanoIP was designed with minimal overhead, wireless networks, and local addressing in mind.
CCN (Content-Centric Networking): The next-generation network architecture addresses the challenges of scalability, mobility, and security in content distribution.
Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol (TSMP): A communication protocol for self-organizing networks of wireless devices, called motes. Similar to other time-division multiplexing systems, TSMP devices stay synchronized with each other and communicate in time slots.
Identification
mDNS (Multicast Domain Name System): Resolves host names to IP addresses in small networks that do not contain a local domain name server.
Physical Web: The Physical Web enables you to see a list of URLs broadcast by objects in your surrounding environment through Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons.
HyperCat: An open, lightweight, JSON-based hypermedia directory format for exposing collections of URIs.
UPnP (Universal Plug and Play): Now managed by the Open Connectivity Foundation, it is a set of network protocols that allow network devices to seamlessly discover each other's presence on the network and establish functional network services for data sharing, communication, and entertainment.
Data Protocol
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): The MQTT protocol supports a publish/subscribe messaging model in a very lightweight way. It is suitable for connections to remote locations where a small code footprint is required and/or network bandwidth is expensive.
MQTT-SN (MQTT For Sensor Networks): An open, lightweight publish/subscribe protocol designed specifically for machine-to-machine and mobile applications
Mosquitto: Open source MQTT v3.1 broker
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): CoAP is an application layer protocol designed for resource-constrained Internet devices (such as WSN nodes). CoAP is designed to be easily converted to HTTP to simplify integration with the Web, while also meeting special requirements such as multicast support. The CoRE group proposed the following features for CoAP: RESTful protocol design that minimizes the complexity of HTTP mapping, low header overhead and parsing complexity, URI and content type support, support for resource discovery of known CoAP services. Simple resource subscription, and the resulting push notifications, simple maximum age-based caching.
SMCP — A C-based CoAP stack suitable for embedded environments. Features include: support for draft-ietf-core-coap-13, fully asynchronous I/O, and support for both BSD sockets and UIP.
STOMP: Simple Text Oriented Message Protocol
XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol): An open technology for real-time communications that powers a wide range of applications, including instant messaging, presence, multi-party chat, voice and video calls, collaboration, lightweight middleware, content syndication, and universal routing of XML data.
XMPP-IoT: Created in the same way as XMPP, interoperable communications between people are made possible. The goal is to make communications between people and between machines interoperable.
Mihini/M3DA: Mihini agent is a software component that acts as an intermediary between M2M servers and applications running on embedded gateways. M3DA is a protocol optimized for transmitting binary M2M data. It can be used in the Mihini project as a means of device management, by loosely manipulating and synchronizing the data model of devices, and as a means of asset management, by allowing user applications to exchange input data/commands with M2M servers, back and forth in a way that optimizes bandwidth usage
AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): An open standard application layer protocol for message middleware. The defining features of AMQP are message orientation, queuing, routing (both point-to-point and publish-subscribe), reliability, and security.
DDS (Data-Distribution Service for Real-Time Systems): The first open international middleware standard that directly addresses the publish-subscribe communication problem for real-time and embedded systems
LLAP (lightweight local automation protocol): LLAP is a simple short message that is sent between smart objects in plain text, unlike TCP/IP, Bluetooth, Zigbee, 6lowpan, WiFi, etc., which are low-level "how" to move data. This means that LLAP can run on any communication medium. The three advantages of LLAP are that it can run on anything, it can run on anything now, and it can run on anything in the future, and it is easy for humans to understand.
LWM2M (Lightweight M2M): Lightweight M2M (LWM2M) is a system standard in the Open Mobile Alliance. It includes DTLS, CoAP, Block, Observe, SenML, and Resource directories, and weaves them together with object structures into a device-server interface
SSI (Simple Sensor Interface): A simple communication protocol for data transmission between a computer or user terminal and a smart sensor
Reactive Streams: A standard for asynchronous stream processing and non-blocking back pressure on the JVM
HTTP/2: By introducing header field compression and allowing multiple concurrent exchanges on the same connection, network resources can be used more efficiently and latency perception can be reduced.
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), JSON/XML, WebHooks, Jelastic, MongoDB
WebSocket: Developed as part of HTML5 - introduced the WebSocket JavaScript interface, which defines a full-duplex single socket connection over which messages can be sent between the client and the server. The WebSocket standard simplifies a lot of the complexity of bidirectional web communication and connection management.
Communication/Transport Layer
Ethernet: is a computer local area network technology. The IEEE 802.3 standard organized by the IEEE has established the technical standards for Ethernet, which specifies the content including physical layer connections, electronic signals and media access layer protocols. Ethernet is currently the most commonly used local area network technology, replacing other local area network technologies such as token ring, FDDI and ARCNET.
WirelessHART: technology provides a robust wireless protocol for the entire process measurement, control and asset management applications
DigiMesh: is a dedicated point-to-point network topology for wireless endpoint connection solutions.
ISA100.11a: is a wireless network technology standard developed by the International Society of Automation (ISA). The official description is "Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation: Process Control and Related Applications"
IEEE 802.15.4: is a standard that specifies the physical layer and media access control for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPAN). It is maintained by the IEEE 802.15 working group. It is the basis for the ZigBee, ISA100.11a, WirelessHART, and MiWi specifications, each of which further extends the standard by developing upper layers not defined in IEEE 802.15.4. Alternatively, it can be used with 6LoWPAN and standard Internet protocols to build a wireless embedded Internet.
ANT: is a proprietary wireless sensor network technology, wireless communication protocol stack that enables semiconductor radios operating in the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific and medical RF spectrum allocation ("ISM band") to coexist by establishing standard rules for communication, data representation, signaling, authentication and error detection.
Bluetooth: operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, using frequency hopping. Has data rates of up to 3mbps and a maximum range of 100m. Each application type that can use Bluetooth has its own profile.
Eddystone: a protocol specification that defines a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) message format for proximity beacon messages.
ZigBee protocol: uses the 802.15.4 standard, operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency range, and has a rate of 250kbps. The maximum number of nodes in the network is 1024, and the maximum range is 200 meters. ZigBee can use 128-bit AES encryption.
EnOcean: is an energy harvesting wireless technology that operates at 868 MHz in Europe and 315 MHz in North America. The transmission distance can reach 30 meters inside a building and 300 meters outdoors.
Wi-Fi (pronounced: /wafa/), also known as "mobile hotspot" in Chinese, is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance manufacturer as a brand certification for products. It is a wireless local area network technology created based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. Based on the close relationship between the two systems, some people often use Wi-Fi as a synonym for the IEEE 802.11 standard. "Wi-Fi" is often written as "WiFi" or "Wifi", but they are not recognized by the Wi-Fi Alliance.
WiMax is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard and is used for wireless metropolitan area networks. The distance is different for fixed sites and mobile devices, with the former up to 50 kilometers and the latter up to 5 to 15 kilometers. WiMAx operates at frequencies between 2.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz with a transmission rate of 40 Mbps.
**LPWAN (Low-Power Wide-Area Network)** Also known as LPWA (Low-Power Wide-Area) or LPN (Low-Power Network), is a wireless network used in the Internet of Things (such as battery-powered sensors) that can communicate over long distances at low bit rates. Low power requirements, low bit rates, and timing of use can be used to distinguish LPWAN from wireless wide area networks, which are designed to connect businesses or users and can transmit more data but consume more energy. The transmission rate of each LPWAN channel is between 0.3 kbit/s and 50 kbit/s.
Weightless: is a proposed dedicated open wireless technology standard for exchanging data between a base station and thousands of machines around it (using wavelength radio transmission in unoccupied TV transmission channels) with high security.
NB-IOT (Narrow-Band IoT): Narrow-Band IoT (Narrow-Band IoT) is a technology standardized by the 3GPP standards organization.
LTE-MTC (LTE-Machine Type Communication): A family of standards-based technologies that supports several technology categories, such as Cat-1 and CatM1 for IoT.
EC-GSM-IoT (Extended Coverage-GSM-IoT): Provides new cellular network capabilities for existing LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) IoT applications. EC-GSM-IoT can be activated by new software deployed on very large GSM networks, adding more coverage for IoT devices.
LoRaWAN: A network protocol for wireless battery-operated things in regional, national or global networks.
RPMA (Random Phase Multiple Access): A communication system that uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) multiple access technology.
Cellular mobile communication technology: GPRS/2G/3G/4G/5G, with a special introduction to 5G.
5G: The fifth generation of mobile communication technology (English: 5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems, 5th-Generation, referred to as 5G or 5G technology) is the latest generation of cellular mobile communication technology and an extension of 4G (LTE-A, WiMax), 3G (UMTS, LTE) and 2G (GSM) systems. The performance goals of 5G are high data rate, reduced latency, energy saving, lower costs, increased system capacity and large-scale device connectivity. The first phase of the 5G specification in Release-15 is intended to accommodate early commercial deployment. The second phase of Release-16 will be completed in April 2020 and submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a candidate for IMT-2020 technology [1]. The ITU IMT-2020 specification requires speeds of up to 20 Gbit/s, which can achieve wide channel bandwidth and large-capacity MIMO.
Semantic
IOTDB: A JSON/Linked Data standard for describing the Internet of ThingsSensorML
: Provides a standard model and XML encoding for describing sensors and measurement processesSemantic
Sensor Net Ontology - W3C This ontology describes sensors and observations and related concepts. It does not describe the concepts of domains, time, location, etc. These domains are intended to be included in other ontologies via OWL importWolfram Language
- Connected Devices: A symbolic representation of each device is a set of standard Wolfram Language functions such as DeviceRead, DeviceExecute, DeviceReadBuffer, and DeviceReadTimeSeries that perform device-related operations.RAML
(RESTful API Modeling Language): Simplifies the management of the entire API lifecycle, from design to sharing. It is concise - you only write what you need to define - and it is reusable.
SENML (Media Type for Sensor Markup Language): A simple sensor, such as a temperature sensor, can use this media type in protocols such as HTTP or CoAP to transmit sensor measurements or configure it.
LsDL (Lemonbeat Smart Device Language): XML-based device language for service-oriented devices
Multi-layer framework
Alljoyn: An open source software framework that makes it easy to discover and communicate between devices and applications.
IoTivity: An open source project hosted by the Linux Foundation and sponsored by OIC.
IEEE P2413: IoT Architecture Framework Standard
Thread: Based on 6LoWPAN, it is built on open standards and IPv6 technology.
IPSO Application Framework (PDF): This design defines a set of REST interfaces that smart objects can use to represent their available resources and interact with other smart objects and backend services. The framework is designed to complement existing web profiles, including SEP2 and oBIX.
OMA LightweightM2M v1.0: The background of LightweightM2M is to develop a rapidly deployable client-server specification to provide machine-to-machine services. LightweightM2M is a device management protocol, but it should be designed to meet the needs of applications. LightweightM2M is not limited to device management, it should be able to transmit service/application data.
Weave: A communication platform for IoT devices, supporting device setup, phone-to-device-to-cloud communication, and user interaction from mobile devices and the Web.
**Telehash-JSON+UDP+DHT**: A secure wire protocol that supports a decentralized overlay network of applications and devices
Security
Open Trust Protocol (OTrP): A protocol for installing, updating, and removing applications and managing security configurations in a trusted execution environment (TEE).
X.509: A standard for public key infrastructure (PKI) for managing digital certificates and public key encryption. A key part of the Transport Layer Security protocol for protecting web and email communications.
Architecture diagram
Architecture diagram from ARM:
Industrial field map:
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