China had 325 million cars on the road and 23 million cars sold in 2018, both ranking first in the world. More and more in-vehicle applications require location information, and higher accuracy is required in various scenarios including cities and tunnels, which places very high accuracy requirements on autonomous driving and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).
At present, there are many positioning technologies, such as common cameras, lidar, ultrasonic radar, millimeter wave radar, and GNSS global satellite navigation and positioning technology. In the field of autonomous driving, the high-precision positioning technology achieved by GNSS global satellite navigation and positioning technology is becoming more and more popular.
Diagram: Schematic diagram of satellite navigation positioning
High-precision positioning technology is favored due to its accuracy and cost
For autonomous driving, positioning technologies such as lidar, ultrasonic radar, millimeter-wave radar, and cameras have certain shortcomings.
As for LiDAR positioning technology, its advantages are measurement accuracy and detection distance. The disadvantages are that it is expensive and its components are easily worn out. It is also easily blocked and cannot recognize color, text, and patterns. This is a major flaw in autonomous driving because there are vehicles and signs of different colors on the road, as well as pedestrians wearing different colors.
Ultrasonic radar is mainly used in parking assistance functions. Since the detection distance is only up to 3 meters and the accuracy is low, it plays a limited role in the field of autonomous driving.
The disadvantage of millimeter-wave radar is that its detection angle is small. A large number of millimeter-wave radars need to be installed to detect the entire environment around the vehicle, which leads to high costs.
The advantages of visual positioning achieved by cameras are low cost and the ability to recognize text color and patterns, etc. The disadvantage is that it is easily affected by ambient light, for example, the positioning effect is not ideal in rainy, snowy and foggy days.
High-precision satellite navigation and positioning technology is low-cost and high-precision. Industry insiders told Jiwei.com reporters that the industry often uses inertial navigation and GNSS for integration. Inertial navigation can ensure that vehicles can still be accurately positioned when GNSS satellite signals are lost.
High-precision positioning accuracy is constantly being refreshed
At present, high-precision satellite navigation and positioning technology has made new progress, and the positioning accuracy has been improved to the decimeter level or even the millimeter level. In terms of solutions, it is necessary to integrate multi-frequency, multi-system, inertial navigation technology, PPP/RTK differential technology, etc.
Diagram: High-precision automotive inertial navigation solution
Recently, u-blox, a Swiss positioning and wireless communication technology provider, launched a high-precision multi-band GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) module, which integrates multiple technologies from GNSS receivers to inertial measurement units and related inertial navigation algorithms in a single module. Its positioning performance is 10 times better than that of standard precision solutions, and can increase accuracy to decimeter level within seconds to meet the evolving needs of the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving markets.
Alex Ngi, Product Strategy Department and Inertial Navigation Product Manager of u-blox Positioning Product Center, told Jiwei.com that the ZED-F9K module improves positioning accuracy by using modern GNSS correction services to compensate for ionospheric and other errors. The multi-band, multi-constellation RTK (real-time dynamic) receiving module can receive signals from all orbital navigation satellite systems. More satellites can improve positioning performance under partial occlusion conditions, and increasing the diversity of satellite signals can reduce convergence time when the signal is interrupted.
Currently, there are four major navigation satellite systems in the world, including: China's Beidou, the United States' GPS, Europe's Galileo, and Russia's GLONASS.
Alex Ngi told Jiwei.com that the satellite navigation part of the solution will use Beidou satellites. In the future, the Beidou system will cover the whole world, and the reliability of the Beidou system will be stronger and stronger, which will also help their multi-star navigation system design, instead of relying on a single satellite navigation system. In the future, they will pay more and more attention to the Beidou system.
In terms of high-precision positioning, my country's Beidou enterprises are also constantly making technological innovation breakthroughs. Recently, UniStrong, a domestic Beidou enterprise, released the Tianqin II high-precision baseband chip and high-precision board developed based on the Beidou-3 system. The board equipped with the Tianqin II baseband chip and the Tianying RF chip has achieved millimeter-level positioning and 0.08-degree orientation functions.
According to Wu Lin, vice president of R&D at UniStrong, the Tianqin II chip uses broadband receiver processing technology, supports 31 frequency points, and fully supports the BeiDou-3 signal system. Receivers using the new chip will be simpler, with fewer components, but more powerful and lower power consumption.
Applications have expanded from automobiles to drones, robots, agriculture and other fields
High-precision positioning technology will not only enable autonomous driving in the automotive field, but will also comprehensively improve the accuracy of navigation, positioning and measurement in various industries, bringing new imagination space to various application scenarios such as precision agriculture, precision detection, earthquake monitoring, house monitoring, railway monitoring, civil aviation navigation, etc.
my country's Beidou navigation satellite system began to advance towards industrialization at the end of 2012, with information covering the Asia-Pacific region; at the end of 2018, Beidou-3 began operations and was able to provide global services.
According to the Beidou Satellite Navigation Office, the output value of China's domestic navigation industry exceeded 300 billion yuan in 2018. Beidou's high-precision products have been exported to more than 100 countries and regions, and Beidou's ground-based augmentation technology and products have been systematically exported overseas. Domestic Beidou chips have been applied on a large scale, with cumulative sales exceeding 80 million pieces. High-precision OEM boards and receiver antennas have accounted for 30% and 90% of the domestic market share respectively.
In the field of Beidou chips, my country's Beidou navigation and positioning chip technology has developed from 90nm to 28nm. The release of 28nm chips makes it possible for Beidou to enter the Internet of Things and consumer fields with tens of millions of users. In 2017, the first chip invested by the Integrated Circuit Big Fund, Hexin Firebird, was released. This chip is the world's smallest 28nm GNSS RF baseband integrated chip, supporting Beidou, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo multiple systems, with a positioning accuracy of only 2m, capable of centimeter-level RTK solution, and supporting on-chip multi-sensor fusion and dead reckoning.
At the 10th China Satellite Navigation Annual Conference held recently, it was announced that my country is developing Beidou 22nm high-precision, low-power positioning chips. Huang Lei, general manager of Unicore, introduced that the two 22nm chips are high-precision positioning chips and ultra-low power dual-frequency dual-core positioning chips. Among them, the automotive-grade full-system full-frequency high-precision positioning chip Nebulas-IV is a milestone in the field of high precision. It adopts a 22nm process RF baseband integrated design, which can further reduce the area of the high-precision RTK positioning module from 30mmx40 mm to 12mmx16 mm (a reduction of 84%), and the module power consumption is reduced by 67% compared with the previous generation. The all-in-one single-chip solution can realize on-chip RTK+PPP. At the same time, another 22nm ultra-low power dual-frequency dual-core positioning chip Firebird-II can achieve the lowest power consumption in the industry, with standard positioning mode and anti-multipath mode.
Combined with the completion of the BeiDou-3 global system, the 22nm BeiDou high-precision positioning chip will enable my country's BeiDou to enter into popular application areas such as drones, autonomous driving, robots, and the Internet of Things; and help BeiDou participate in global competition.
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