Application of PLC technology in automation control of electrical equipment

▼This is a block diagram of a typical PLC control system▼

01 For switch quantity control

PLC has a strong ability to control switch quantities. The number of input and output points it controls can be as few as a dozen or dozens, or as many as hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands. Since it can be networked, the number of points is almost unlimited, and no matter how many points, it can control a variety of logical problems: combined, sequential, immediate, delayed, no need to count, need to count, fixed order, random work, etc.

The hardware structure of PLC is changeable, and the software program is programmable, which makes it very flexible when used for control. If necessary, multiple sets or groups of programs can be written and called as needed. It is very suitable for the needs of multiple working conditions and multiple state changes in industrial sites.

There are many examples of using PLC for switch quantity control, such as metallurgy, machinery, light industry, chemical industry, textile, etc. Almost all industrial sectors need to use it. At present, the primary purpose of PLC, which is also unmatched by other controllers, is that it can be used for switch quantity control conveniently and reliably.

02 For analog control

Analog quantities, such as current, voltage, temperature, pressure, etc., vary continuously. Industrial production, especially continuous production processes, often require the control of these physical quantities.

As an industrial control electronic device, if PLC cannot control these quantities, it is a major shortcoming. For this reason, all PLC manufacturers have carried out a lot of development in this regard. At present, not only large and medium-sized machines can perform analog quantity control, but also small machines can perform such control. For PLC to perform analog quantity control, it must be equipped with A/D and D/A units that convert analog quantities into digital quantities. It is also an I/O unit, but it is a special I/O unit.

The A/D unit converts the analog quantity of the external circuit into digital quantity and then sends it to the PLC; the D/A unit converts the digital quantity of the PLC into analog quantity and then sends it to the external circuit. As a special I/O unit, it still has the characteristics of I/O circuit anti-interference, internal and external circuit isolation, and information exchange with input and output relays (or internal relays, which is also an area of ​​the PLC working memory and can be read and written).

The A in A/D here is mostly current, voltage, or temperature. The A in D/A is mostly voltage or current. The voltage and current ranges are mostly 0~5V, 0~10V, 4~20mA, and some can also handle positive and negative values. The D here is mostly 8-bit binary numbers for small computers, and 12-bit binary numbers for medium and large computers. A/D and D/A have single channels and multiple channels. Multiple channels occupy more input and output relays. With A/D and D/A units, the rest of the processing is digital, which is not difficult for PLCs with information processing capabilities. Medium and large PLCs have stronger processing capabilities. They can not only perform digital addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, but also square root, interpolation, and floating-point operations. Some also have PID instructions, which can perform proportional, differential, and integral operations on the deviation quantity, and then generate corresponding outputs. It can calculate almost everything that a computer can calculate.

In this way, it is entirely possible to realize analog control using PLC.

PLC performs analog control, and there are also units that combine A/D and D/A. It can also use PID or fuzzy control algorithms to achieve control, which can achieve very high control quality. The advantage of using PLC for analog control is that while performing analog control, the switch quantity can also be controlled. This advantage is not available in other controllers, or the control is not as convenient as PLC. Of course, if it is a purely analog system, using PLC may not be as good as using a regulator in terms of performance-price ratio.

03 For motion control

Actual physical quantities include not only switch quantities and analog quantities, but also motion control. For example, the displacement of machine tool parts is often expressed in digital quantities. An effective method for motion control is NC, or digital control technology. This is a computer-based control technology that was born in the United States in the 1950s. Today, it is very popular and well-developed.

At present, the CNC rate of metal cutting machine tools in advanced countries has exceeded 40% to 80%, and some are even higher. PLC is also based on computer technology and is becoming more and more perfect. PLC can receive counting pulses with a frequency of several k to tens of k Hz. It can receive these pulses in a variety of ways and can also receive them in multiple channels. Some PLCs also have pulse output functions, and the pulse frequency can reach tens of k. With these two functions, plus the data processing and computing capabilities of PLC, if equipped with corresponding sensors (such as rotary encoders) or pulse servo devices, various controls can be fully realized according to the principles of NC.

High-end and mid-range PLCs also have NC units or motion units that can achieve point control. Motion units can also achieve curve interpolation and control curve motion. Therefore, if the PLC is equipped with such a unit, it is entirely possible to use NC methods to control digital quantities. The newly developed motion unit even has a programming language for NC technology, which provides convenience for better digital control with PLC.

04 For data collection

With the development of PLC technology, its data storage area is getting larger and larger. For example, the data storage area (DM area) of Dewesen's PLC can reach 9999 words. Such a large data storage area can store a large amount of data. Data collection can use a counter to accumulate and record the number of pulses collected, and transfer them to the DM area regularly. Data collection can also use A/D units. When the analog quantity is converted into digital quantity, it is transferred to the DM area regularly. PLC can also be equipped with a small printer to print out the data in the DM area regularly.

PLC can also communicate with computer, and the computer can read the data in DM area and process the data. At this time, PLC becomes the data terminal of computer.

Electricity users used PLC to record their electricity usage in real time, so as to implement different charging methods for different electricity usage times, encourage users to use more electricity during low electricity consumption periods, and achieve the goal of rational and economical electricity use.

05 For signal monitoring

PLC has many self-check signals and many internal devices, but most users do not fully utilize them. In fact, it can be used to monitor the PLC's own work or to monitor the controlled object. For a complex control system, especially an automatic control system, monitoring and further self-diagnosis are very necessary. It can reduce system failures, make it easier to find failures, increase the cumulative average trouble-free operation time, reduce fault repair time, and improve system reliability.

06 For networking and communication

PLC has strong networking and communication capabilities, and new networking structures are constantly being introduced.

PLC can be connected to a personal computer for communication, and the computer can be used to participate in programming and control management of the PLC, making PLC more convenient to use.

In order to give full play to the role of computers, one computer can control and manage multiple PLCs, up to 32. One PLC can also communicate with two or more computers to exchange information to achieve multiple monitoring of the PLC control system. PLCs can also communicate with each other, one-to-one, several PLCs, or even dozens or hundreds of them.

PLC and intelligent instruments, intelligent actuators (such as inverters) can also communicate through the network, exchange data, and operate each other. They can be connected to form a remote control system, and the system range can be as large as 10 kilometers or more. A local network can be formed, and not only PLCs, but also high-end computers and various intelligent devices can be connected to the network. Bus networks and ring networks can be used. Networks can also be nested. Networks can also be bridged. Networking can organize thousands of PLCs, computers, and intelligent devices into one network. Nodes between networks can communicate and exchange information directly or indirectly.

Networking and communication are meeting the needs of the development of today's computer integrated manufacturing systems (CIMS) and intelligent factories. It can enable industrial control to move from point to line and then to aero, connecting equipment-level control, production line control, and factory management level control into a whole, thereby creating higher benefits. This infinitely bright prospect has been increasingly clearly presented to our generation.

The above applications focus on quality. In terms of quantity, PLCs can be large or small. So its control range can be large or small. A small one can only control one device, or even one component or one site; a large one can control multiple devices, a production line, or even the entire factory. It can be said that PLCs are indispensable in industrial control, big or small.