MCU Terminology Explanation

Bus: refers to the information transmission line that can serve multiple components. In the microcomputer system, each component communicates with each other through the bus.
Address bus: It transmits the address sent by the CPU to select the device or component to be accessed.
Data bus: It is used to transmit various types of data in the microcomputer system.
Assembly: It is a collection of machine instructions that can complete a certain task. Binary
number: There are only two digits, 0 and 1, with a base of two.
Hexadecimal number: It uses 16 digits such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, etc., among which the corresponding decimal numbers of AF are 10-15, with a base of 16.
Instruction: It is a description of a basic operation that a computer can perform and is the basic unit of computer software.
Memory: It is used to store all information in the computer: including programs, raw data, intermediate results and final results of operations, etc.
Temporary register: It is used to temporarily store operands sent by the data bus or general register and use it as another operand.
Interrupt: Interrupt is an internal mechanism of the microcontroller to handle internal or external events in real time. When some internal or external event occurs, the interrupt system of the microcontroller will force the CPU to suspend the program being executed and turn to handle the interrupt event. After the interrupt is handled, it returns to the interrupted program and continues to execute.
Power-off protection: When the normal power supply is powered off, the backup DC power supply is quickly used to ensure that the information will not be lost within a period of time. When the main power supply is restored, it automatically switches to the main power supply.
RAM Random Access Memory: Mainly used to store various input data, output data, intermediate results, final results, and information exchanged with external memory. When the power is off, the information stored in the RAM will disappear.
ROM Read-Only Memory: ROM can store information in it through special means and can save the stored information for a long time. Generally, the CPU can only write to it. When the power is off, the information stored in the ROM will not disappear.
Register addressing: The operand is in the register. The three-bit value of rrr in the instruction opcode and the status of RS1 and RS0 in PSW select a register in a certain working register area, and then perform the corresponding instruction operation.
Baud rate: The number of bits of binary numbers transmitted per second. The higher the baud rate, the faster the data transmission speed.
UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter: Used for serial/parallel conversion of data. The hardware UART consists of three parts: receiving part, transmitting part and control part. Both receiving and transmitting have double buffering structure.
D/A conversion: Convert binary quantity into current signal or voltage signal proportional to its value.
A/D conversion: Convert analog quantity into corresponding digital quantity, and then send it to computer for processing.
Eprom memory: 1. UV-erasable EPROM Its basic storage circuit consists of a floating gate avalanche injection MOS tube and a normal MOS tube. The floating gate avalanche injection MOS tube is used as memory, and the other normal MOS tube is used as address selection. 2. Electrically Erasable Programmable EEPROM: Some of its models can be programmed and erased at normal voltage. In addition, it implements online operation, that is, before writing a byte of data, it automatically erases the unit to be written.
Serial mode: refers to the time-sharing transmission of each bit of data, which only requires one data line, plus a common signal ground line and several control signal lines. Parallel mode:
refers to the simultaneous transmission of each bit of data, and each piece of data requires a transmission line.
Pseudo-instruction: An instruction used to tell the assembler how to assemble. It neither controls the operation of the machine nor is it assembled into machine code. It can only be recognized by the assembler and guide how to assemble.
SLEEP MODI Sleep mode: A running mode that ensures that the program runs internally, but the transmission and other actions with the outside have stopped.
Linking connection: Merge the *.obj file generated after compilation with other *.obj files into a machine file that the machine can recognize. I²C: A serial transmission mode in which the input and output share a transmission line, and the clock is controlled by another line. SFR Special Function Register Area: 8051 arranges the dedicated registers in the CPU, parallel port latches, serial ports and control registers in the timer/counter into one area, discretely distributed in the address range from 80H to FFH. This area is called the special function register area SFR.