在产品生命週期日趋缩短下,系统设计工程师必须及早在系统设计时,进行电源整合的考量,以避免造成最后阶段须大幅修正。为了能够获得更佳的系统设计,设计工程师可藉由电源电路的线上设计工具,来缩短前段处理,甚至完整设计的时间。
The competitive pressure in the market forces the development time of new generation products to become shorter and shorter. Those who enter the market later will usually lose business opportunities and market share.
其中,负载点电源管理电路由于面对不断改变的处理器单元、更小的外型、更高的效能,以及更快的运作频率等挑战,因此产品生命週期相当短,使得系统设计工程师再也不能将电源的设计与整体系统结构分开,如果没有及早进行电源整合的考量,那么就可能过度消耗资源,而且必须在最后阶段大幅修正产品设计。
In order to obtain better power density, efficiency and flexibility of distributed power architecture, system design engineers must also consider the circuit design of the power supply in order to obtain the best electrical performance, integration and reliability performance of the product.
在电源电路设计上,由于新兴的设计越来越复杂而且特殊化,因此对模拟工具的需求也就越来越高,在电路模拟工具推出之前,工程师必须亲手进行耗时的计算动作,同时耗费许多时间在架构塬型设计上,还得重复比较实验室测量值与计算结果来加以修正。因此,在面临急迫的设计期限时,通常会迫使许多工程师使用先前的设计进行渐进式修改,而无法採用最新技术。
电源电路的线上设计工具可透过许多不同方法来协助电路设计工程师完成专案,部分工具的目标是透过比较与选择晶片与拓朴结构,来缩短前段处理,另外一些则提供已经设计好电路图的模拟支援。理想上,支援设计工程师进行设计的工具应该要涵盖整个设计週期。
Complete solutions go mainstream
半导体业者已开始採用以解决方案为主的方式,来简化并加速低耗电系统的电源管理电路设计。以国际整流器公司(IR)的myPOWER线上设计中心为例(图 1),其包含一系列功率半导体、被动元件与针对特定功率等级的电感器,并以最佳化电路板布局安排,提供可预测电气与温度效能等经过完整测试与特性分类的参考设计。和常见的模拟电路板不同,这些参考设计都儘可能地反应实际电路的情况,提供如电路板布局、温度设计,以及元件搭配最佳化等复杂问题的有效解答。
Using the operating parameters, temperature conditions and functional requirements input by the design engineer, this design tool can calculate the circuit loss, provide circuit board layout, airflow arrangement and ambient temperature, and accurately estimate the junction temperature of key components. This series of calculations will be repeated on the appropriate reference design in the database to find the best design and provide calculated efficiency, junction temperature, circuit board layout arrangement and bill of materials (BOM) cost, so that the design engineer can compare all the data and obtain the best solution selection that meets the design goals.
每个参考设计都搭配全套线上模拟工具,模拟能力包含小讯号与大讯号分析、切换波形以及所有零组件的效能分析,提供给设计工程师搭配内含製造商元件编号与预估价格完整材料清单的完整电路图,这个电路图具备有互动功能,并配备有可以让工程师依需要调整设计的各种不同替代零件资料库。
这项模拟功能能够在订购塬型功能展示电路板前验证零件应力、零件值与电路连线,以便节省开发时间,所有数值都可以在几秒鐘内加以改变,并重新进行评估,而非更换元件并重新焊接,因而得以节省大量时间。
在进行标準参考设计的客製化时,使用者可调整系统级输入,来对一些主要的效能条件,例如电气效率、电源耗损、接面温度、尺寸大小与材料清单成本等进行取捨。完成后,整个电路可以立即重新进行模拟,为设计工程师免除更换零件的成本与时间,带来进行大量设计修改的自由度。在设计工程师验证了所选用的参考设计是否符合需求后,便可进行效能测试,并确认整个设计可以运作,同时所测量的结果也能够符合线上工具提供的计算值(图2)。
以国际整流器公司的设计支援团队为例,即採用以解决方案为主的方式,提供符合线上使用者客製化要求的参考设计电路板,每个客製化电路板都经过针对规格的测试,并能产生可以直接运用到嵌入式应用的设计档案。这些经过测试的客製化参考设计套件,将会针对线上所得的结果进行验证,让使用者可开始进行系统层级的效能测试。
Circuit Design Automation
许多针对特定应用所设计的晶片在採用其他被动与主动式元件时,在设计上都是依循资料规格书的大量应用註记。虽然文件中包含的专业知识对工程师来说具有相当参考价值,但还是得花上几个小时,甚至数天的时间来完成所有的计算,并将计算结果与可用元件进行匹配。这个耗时烦人的工作,可能成为採用新拓朴结构技术的一个重要障碍,同时学习曲线也较长。因此在这类线路设计上,一项可以执行所有必要运算的线上设计工具,将有助于节省大幅时间。
举例而言,国际整流器公司的单週期控制功率因数校正(PFC)设计工具,是以基础的电路图为开端,接着让设计工程师指定用来计算被动元件值的输入与输出参数,将手动计算所须耗费的数个小时缩短到几秒鐘,并且能够让设计工程师快速分析波形,以及针对个人需求进行设计最佳化工作。
自动化分析的结果包含完整的材料清单(图3),以及描述电路效能的输出情况列表,这项工具同时也可以产生显示交流电源谐振失真、输出涟波电压、整体迴路响应与误差放大器响应的图形(图4),所有资料都以PDF档提供,以方便设计工程师整合到个人的设计笔记本中。
In the best case, such online tools can provide information about high-density, low-cost PFC control circuits, allowing design engineers to directly replace existing power supplies and replace old continuous conduction mode PFC circuits without spending too much valuable time on repeated performance testing.
Save time and create greater benefits
直接引用经过验证的设计,是设计工程师进行新系统电源电路设计时最简单的方法。不幸的是,旧式电源设计可能无法符合新系统的需求,同时也阻碍了採用较新且经过改善的晶片与可以提升效能的切换开关。
Of course, engineers can also generate new designs through old methods such as building prototypes and repeating testing procedures, but this is not an easy task for system design engineers who specialize in the digital field, and engineers do not have extra time.
模拟是让设计工程师不须真正架构塬型机,而能够找出并修正问题的良好方式,同时可以加速设计流程。不过,良好的模拟程式却相当昂贵,而且须準备良好的电路模型,对不熟悉软体或电路的工程师而言也相当耗时。然而,塬型机的製作还是有其存在的必要,因为大部分模拟结果的精确度,还不足以与良好的设计匹敌。
设计工具与网际网路的结合,加速了电路设计与塬型机製作,近年由于电子设计在复杂度与成本上都越来越高,因此对模拟工具的需求也日益迫切,今日的设计工程师必须儘可能使用最新技术,来设计出尺寸更小且更有效率的电源转换装置。线上模拟与供货系统工具软体不仅有助于节省时间,同时也能确保具备有可运行塬型机与相关支援测试资料的稳固设计,透过高速模拟、成熟的设计平台以及完全组装且经过测试的参考设计电路板,设计工程师将可在整个开发流程的早期,取得有效的端对端设计解决方案。
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