This book focuses on correctly explaining physical concepts, supplemented by necessary mathematical derivations. The theoretical analysis has a certain depth, but it does not submerge the basic physical concepts in tedious mathematical calculations. Through learning, readers can gain a comprehensive and correct concept of various basic physical phenomena in semiconductors and establish a clear picture of semiconductor physics, laying a good foundation for learning subsequent courses, conducting research work, and understanding the working mechanisms of various semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. Chapter 1 Electronic states in semiconductors 1.1 Crystalline structure and bonding properties of semiconductors 1.1.1 Diamond-type structure and covalent bonds 1.1.2 Zinc-blende structure and mixed bonds 1.1.3 Wurtzite structure 3 1.2 Electronic states and energy bands in semiconductors 4 1.2.1 Energy levels of atoms and energy bands of crystals 4 1.2.2 Electronic states and energy bands in semiconductors 1.2.3 Energy bands of conductors, semiconductors, and insulators 1.3 Effective mass of electrons in semiconductors 1.3.1 Relationship between E(k) and k in semiconductors [3] 1.3.2 Average velocity of electrons in semiconductors 1.3.3 Acceleration of electrons in semiconductors 1.3.4 Significance of effective mass 1.4 Conductive mechanism of intrinsic semiconductors: holes [3] 1.5 Cyclotron resonance [4] 1.5.1 k-space equienergy surface 1.5.2 Cyclotron resonance 1.6 Band structures of silicon and germanium 1.6.1 Conduction band structure of silicon and germanium 1.6.2 Valence band structure of silicon and germanium 1.7 Band structure of III-V compound semiconductors [7] 1.7.1 Band structure of indium antimonide 1.7.2 Band structure of gallium arsenide [8] 1.7.3 Band structure of gallium phosphide and indium phosphide 1.7.4 Band structure of mixed crystals ★ 1.8 Band structure of II-VI compound semiconductors ★ 1.8.1 Band structure of binary compounds ★ 1.8.2 Band structure of mixed crystals ★ 1.9 Bands of Si 1-x Ge x alloys ★ 1.10 Wide bandgap semiconductor materials ★ 1.10.1 Lattice structure and bands of GaN and AlN [18] ★ 1.10.2 Lattice structure and bands of SiC Exercises References Chapter 2 Impurity and defect levels in semiconductors 2.1 Impurity levels in silicon and germanium crystals 2.1.1 2.1.4 Simple calculation of the ionization energy of shallow-level impurities [2,3] 2.1.5 Compensation of impurities 2.1.6 Deep-level impurities 2.2 Impurity levels in III-V compounds ★ 2.3 Impurity levels in gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, and silicon carbide 0 2.4 Defects and dislocation levels 2.4.1 Point defects 2.4.2 Dislocations 3 Exercises References 5 Chapter 3 Statistical distribution of carriers in semiconductors 3.1 Density of states [1,2] 3.1.1 Distribution of quantum states in k-space 3.1.2 Density of states 3.2 Fermi level and statistical distribution of carriers 3.2.1 Fermi distribution function 3.2.2 Boltzmann distribution function 3.2.3 3.2.4 Carrier concentration product n 0p 0 3.3 Carrier concentration of intrinsic semiconductors 3.4 Carrier concentration of impurity semiconductors 3.4.1 Electrons and holes on impurity energy levels 3.4.2 Carrier concentration of n-type semiconductors 3.5 Statistical distribution of carriers in general 3.6 Degenerate semiconductors [2, 5] 3.6.1 Carrier concentration of degenerate semiconductors 3.6.2 Degenerate conditions 3.6.3 Low temperature carrier freezing effect 3.6.4 Bandgap narrowing effect 3.7 Probability of an electron occupying an impurity energy level [2, 6, 7] 3.7.1 Discussion on the probability of an electron occupying an impurity energy level 3.7.2 Solving the statistical distribution function Exercises References Chapter 4 Conductivity of semiconductors 4.1 Drift motion and mobility of carriers 4.1.1 Ohm\'s law 4.1.2 Drift velocity and mobility 4.1.3 Conductivity and mobility of semiconductors 4.2 Carrier scattering 4.2.1 Concept of carrier scattering 4.2.2 Main scattering mechanisms of semiconductors [1] 4.3 Relationship between mobility and impurity concentration and temperature 4.3.1 Relationship between mean free time and scattering probability 4.3.2 Relationship between conductivity, mobility and mean free time 4.3.3 Relationship between mobility and impurities and temperature 4.4 Resistivity and its relationship with impurity concentration and temperature 4.4.1 Relationship between resistivity and impurity concentration 4.4.2 Change of resistivity with temperature ★ 4.5 Boltzmann equation [11], statistical theory of conductivity ★ 4.5.1 Boltzmann equation ★ 4.5.2 Relaxation time approximation ★ 4.5.3 Solutions of the Boltzmann equation under weak electric field approximation ★ 4.5.4 Conductivity of spherical isoenergy surface semiconductors 4.6 Effects under strong electric fields [12] , hot carriers 4.6.1 Deviation from Ohm\'s law ★ 4.6.2 Relationship between average drift velocity and electric field strength ★ 4.7 Multi-energy valley scattering, Gunn effect ★ 4.7.1 Multi-energy valley scattering, negative differential conductance in the body ★ 4.7.2 High field domain and Gunn oscillation Exercises References Chapter 5 Nonequilibrium carriers 5.1 Injection and recombination of nonequilibrium carriers 5.2 Lifetime of nonequilibrium carriers 5.3 Quasi-Fermi level 5.4 Recombination theory 5.4.1 Direct recombination 5.4.2 Indirect recombination 5.4.3 Surface recombination 5.4.4 Auger recombination 5.5 Trap effect 5.6 Diffusion motion of carriers 5.7 Drift diffusion of carriers, Einstein relationship 5.8 Continuity equation 5.9 Lifetime and diffusion length of minority carriers in silicon References Chapter 6 pn junction 6.1 pn junction and its energy band diagram 6.1.1 6.1.2 Space charge region 6.1.3 pn junction energy band diagram 6.1.4 pn junction contact potential difference 6.1.5 pn junction carrier distribution 6.2 pn junction current-voltage characteristics 6.2.1 pn junction in non-equilibrium state 6.2.2 Ideal pn junction model and its current-voltage equation [4] 6.2.3 Various factors that affect the deviation of pn junction current-voltage characteristics from the ideal equation [1, 2, 5] 6.3 pn junction capacitance [1, 2, 6] 6.3.1 Source of pn junction capacitance 6.3.2 Barrier capacitance of abrupt junction 6.3.3 Barrier capacitance of linear graded junction 6.3.4 Diffusion capacitance 6.4 pn junction breakdown [1, 2, 8, 9] 6.4.1 Avalanche breakdown 6.4.2 Tunnel breakdown (Zener breakdown) [10] 6.4.3 Thermoelectric breakdown 6.5 pn junction tunneling effect [1, 10] Exercise references Chapter 7 Contact between metal and semiconductor 7.1 Metal-semiconductor contact and its energy level diagram 7.1.1 Work function of metal and semiconductor 7.1.2 Contact potential difference 7.1.3 Effect of surface state on contact barrier 7.2 Rectification theory of metal-semiconductor contact 7.2.1 Diffusion theory 7.2.2 Thermionic emission theory 7.2.3 Effect of image force and tunneling effect 7.2.4 Schottky barrier diode 7.3 Minority carrier injection and ohmic contact 7.3.1 Minority carrier injection 7.3.2 Ohmic contact Exercise references Chapter 8 Semiconductor surface and MIS structure 8.1 Surface state 8.2 Surface electric field effect [5, 6] 8.2.1 Space charge layer and surface potential 8.2.2 Electric field, potential and capacitance of surface space charge layer 8.3 C-V characteristics of MIS structure 8.3.1 C-V characteristics of ideal MIS structure [5, 7] 8.3.2 Effect of metal and semiconductor work function difference on C-V characteristics of MIS structure [5] 8.3.3 Effect of charge in insulating layer on C-V characteristics of MIS structure [7] 8.4 Properties of silicon-silicon dioxide system [7] 8.4.1 Mobile ions in silicon dioxide [8] 8.4.2 Fixed surface charges in silicon dioxide layers [7] 8.4.3 Fast interface states at the silicon-silicon dioxide interface [5] 8.4.4 Trapped charges in silicon dioxide [7] 8.5 Surface conductivity and mobility 8.5.1 Surface conductivity [1] 8.5.2 Effective mobility of surface carriers ★ 8.6 Effect of surface electric field on pn junction characteristics [7] ★ 8.6.1 Energy band diagram of pn junction under the action of surface electric field ★ 8.6.2 Reverse current of pn junction under the action of surface electric field ★ 8.6.3 Effect of surface electric field on breakdown characteristics of pn junction ★ 8.6.4 Surface purification Exercises References Chapter 9 Semiconductor heterostructures 9.1 Semiconductor heterojunctions and their energy band diagrams [7-9] 9.1.1 Energy band diagram of semiconductor heterojunctions 9.1.2 Contact potential difference and barrier width of abrupt inversion heterojunctions 9.1.3 Barrier capacitance of abrupt inversion heterojunctions [4-8] 9.1.4 Some formulas for abrupt isotype heterojunctions 9.2 Current-voltage characteristics and injection characteristics of semiconductor heteropn junctions 9.2.1 Current-voltage characteristics of abrupt heteropn junctions [7, 17] 9.2.2 Injection characteristics of heteropn junctions [17] 9.3 Semiconductor heterojunction quantum well structure and its electronic energy states and characteristics 9.3.1 Semiconductor modulation doping heterostructure interface quantum well 9.3.2 Single quantum well structure between double heterojunctions 9.3.3 Double barrier single quantum well structure and resonant tunneling effect [25] ★9.4 Semiconductor strained heterostructure ★9.4.1 Strained heterojunction ★9.4.2 Strained heterojunction
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