Introduction to coaxial cable knowledge 1. Overview 1. Baseband coaxial cable Coaxial cable has a hard copper wire as the core and a layer of insulating material on the outside. This layer of insulating material is surrounded by a densely woven mesh conductor, and the mesh is covered with a layer of protective material. There are two widely used coaxial cables. One is a 50-ohm cable for digital transmission. Since it is mostly used for baseband transmission, it is also called baseband coaxial cable; the other is a 75-ohm cable for analog transmission, which is the broadband coaxial cable to be discussed in the next section. This difference is caused by historical reasons, not due to technical reasons or manufacturers. This structure of coaxial cable gives it high bandwidth and excellent noise suppression characteristics. The bandwidth of coaxial cable depends on the length of the cable. A 1km cable can achieve a data transmission rate of 1Gb/s~2Gb/s. Longer cables can also be used, but the transmission rate must be reduced or an intermediate amplifier must be used. At present, coaxial cables have been largely replaced by optical fibers, but are still widely used in cable television and some local area networks. 2. Broadband coaxial cable Coaxial cable systems that use limited television cables for analog signal transmission are called broadband coaxial cables. The term \"broadband\" comes from the telephone industry and refers to a frequency band wider than 4kHz. However, in computer networking, \"broadband cable\" refers to any cable network that uses analog signals for transmission. Since broadband networks use standard cable television technology, they can use frequency bands up to 300MHz (often up to 450MHz); since they use analog signals, an electronic device is required at the interface to convert the bit stream entering the network into analog signals and the signal out of the network back into a bit stream. Broadband systems are divided into multiple channels, and television broadcasts usually occupy 6MHz channels. Each channel can be used for analog television, CD-quality sound (1.4Mb/s), or a 3Mb/s digital bit stream. Television and data can be mixed on a single cable. A major difference between broadband and baseband systems is that broadband systems, because of the large area they cover, require analog amplifiers to periodically boost the signal. These amplifiers can only transmit signals in one direction, so if there are amplifiers between computers, message packets cannot be transmitted in the reverse direction between computers. To solve this problem, people have developed two types of broadband systems: dual-cable systems and single-cable systems. 1) Dual-cable system A dual-cable system has two identical cables laid side by side. To transmit data, the computer transmits data through cable 1 to the device at the base of the cable, the head-end, which then transmits the signal down the cable through cable 2. All computers send through cable 1 and receive through cable 2. 2) Single-cable system Another solution is to assign different frequency bands on each cable for internal and external communications. The low frequency band is used for computer-to-head-end communication, and the signal received by the head-end is moved to the high frequency band and broadcast to the computer. In a subsplit system, the 5MHz to 30MHz band is used for inbound communication, and the 40MHz to 300MHz band is used for outbound communication. In a midsplit system, the inbound band is 5MHz to 116MHz, and the outbound band is 168MHz to 300MHz. This choice was made for historical reasons. 3) Broadband systems can be used in many ways. A pair of computers can be assigned a dedicated permanent channel. Other computers can apply for a temporary channel through the control channel and then switch to the requested channel frequency. All computers can also share one or a group of channels. Technically speaking, broadband cables are inferior to baseband (i.e. single-channel) cables in sending digital data, but their advantage is that they are widely installed.
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