The trend toward increasing accuracy and decreasing cost in electronic weigh scales has led to an increase in demand for low-cost, high-performance analog signal processing devices. The scope of this requirement is not immediately apparent: since most electronic weigh scales output the final weight at a resolution of 1:3,000 or 1:10,000, this requirement is easily (and obviously) met using a 12-bit to 14-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). However, high-precision electronic weigh scales show that achieving this resolution requirement is not easy; in fact, the ADC accuracy in this case needs to be closer to 20 bits. In this article, we will discuss some of the system specifications for electronic weigh scales and the issues that need to be considered in designing and building an electronic weigh scale system. The main design considerations are peak-to-peak (PP) noise resolution, ADC dynamic range, gain drift, and filtering. Using the electronic weigh scale reference design as an evaluation board, we compare the measurement results from the actual load cell (also called a load cell) with the input from a stable reference voltage source. Load cell The most common electronic weigh scale is implemented using a bridge load cell, where the output voltage of the load cell is directly proportional to the weight placed on it. Figure 1 shows a typical weighing bridge; it is a 4-resistor electrical bridge with at least two variable arms, where the resistance change caused by the weight produced a differential voltage superimposed on a common-mode voltage of 2.5 V (half the supply voltage). A typical electrical bridge uses 300Ω resistors. Figure 1. Basic circuit of a load cell The load cell itself is monotonic, and its main parameters are sensitivity, total error, and temperature drift. Sensitivity The electrical sensitivity of a load cell is defined as the ratio of the full-load output voltage to the excitation voltage, and is typically 2mV/V. When using a sensor with a 2 mV/V sensitivity and a 5 V excitation voltage, its full-scale output voltage is 10 mV. In general, to use the weighing range where the load cell has the best linearity, only two-thirds of the full-scale range should be used. Therefore, the full-scale output voltage should be approximately 6 mV. The challenge in this case is how to measure small signal changes over the 6 mV full-scale range with the highest accuracy—not an easy task when electronic scales are typically used in industrial environments. Total Error Total error is the ratio of the output error to the rated error. The total error specification for a typical electronic scale is about 0.02%. This is a very important specification because it limits the accuracy that can be achieved using an ideal signal conditioning circuit. Therefore, it determines the choice of ADC resolution and the design of the amplifier circuit and filter. Drift weighing sensors also produce time-related drift. Figure 2 shows the drift characteristics of an actual weighing sensor measured over a 24-hour (hr) range. The temperature was kept essentially constant during the measurement, so there was no temperature-related drift. The measurement results (measured using a 24-bit ADC with a bit change in the number of bits) show an overall drift of 125 LSB or about 7.5 ppm.
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