Experiment 3 Photoelectric sensor experiment 1. Experimental purpose 1. Understand the working principle, structural characteristics and working characteristics of photoelectric switches. 2. Understand the basic characteristics of photocells 3. Master the method of converting analog quantity into switch quantity 4. Understand the application characteristics of photoelectric sensors. 5. Learn to use breadboards. 6. Analyze the characteristics of circuits and design circuits by yourself. 2. Experimental equipment and instruments 1. Photoelectric switch sensor 2. Voltage regulator 3. Operational amplifier 4. Potentiometer 5. Light-emitting diodes, resistors, etc. 3. Experimental principle Photoelectric switches are electronic switches driven by light radiation. When a certain intensity of light radiates to the photosensitive device, it will produce a switch action. There are NPN type and PNP type; the load is a light-emitting diode, and the on and off of the photoelectric switch is used to control the extinguishing of the light-emitting diode. The infrared blocking type and reflective type photoelectric switches in this experiment convert the energy of infrared light into electrical signals through photocells, and drive the OC gate to generate output signals through amplifiers and comparators. The specific circuit is shown in the figure. Figure Photocell detection circuit Circuit principle description: When there is no light, the current of the photocell is zero, the amplifier output voltage Uo1=0V, the comparator output voltage Uo2=0V, V1 is cut off, the LED is not on, and KA is released. The stronger the light, the greater the output current of the photocell, and the more positive Uo1. When Uo1>UR, the comparator flips, V1 is turned on, the LED is on, KA is energized, and the voltmeter indicates 24V. The amplifier in the circuit uses the LM324 quad op amp, and the amplification factor of the first-stage amplifier can be adjusted by adjusting Rf to adapt to different light intensities. A potentiometer is connected to the inverting input of the comparator, and the comparison voltage UR2 of the comparator can be adjusted between 0.5 and 6V. The output voltage and comparison voltage UR2 of the first-stage amplifier are represented by the voltmeters VA and VB on the display screen respectively. The output state of the power output transistor displayed by the voltmeter VC is a switch quantity, which has only two states: 0V and 24V. IV. Experimental steps 1. Connect the circuit diagram according to the requirements. 2. Turn on the switch, connect the output lead of the photocell to the input of the amplifier, and observe the readings of the voltmeters VA, VB, and VC. 3. Use a shorting wire to short-circuit terminals 1 and 4, connect the feedback resistor Rf1 to the amplifier circuit, and observe the readings of the three voltmeters and the status of the relay and LED. 4. Adjust the potentiometer RP to make the relay close and the LED light up, and record the readings of the three voltmeters at this time. 5. Use your fingers to gradually cover the light-receiving surface of the photocell and observe what happens. Pay special attention to the phenomenon when the relay is just closed, that is, when the comparator is in a critical state. 6. According to the above steps, short-circuit terminals 2 and 4 and 3 and 4 on the display screen with shorting wires, that is, connect Rf2 or Rf3, and record the reading of the voltmeter VA. V. Experimental Report 1. According to the above experimental steps, fill in the following table of experimental data when connecting feedback resistors of different resistance values. No. Rf VA VB VC LED KA1 1M 2 100K 3 10K 2. Describe the relationship between the selection of Rf and the light intensity. 3. What phenomenon is observed when the comparator is in a critical state? Please analyze the cause of this phenomenon and draw the input-output characteristic curve of the comparator after setting the positive feedback resistor.
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