How many types of power supplies are there?

There are many types of power sources. The editor will introduce them to you one by one below. The power source is based on the principle of "magnetic electricity", which is derived from renewable energy sources such as water power, wind power, ocean tides, dam water pressure differences, solar energy, etc., as well as burning coal, oil residue, etc. Generate electricity.

Common power sources are dry batteries (DC) and household 110V-220V AC power.

Power supply classification

(1) Ordinary power supply

Ordinary power supplies can be subdivided into: switching power supply, inverter power supply, AC regulated power supply, DC regulated power supply, DC/DC power supply, communication power supply, module power supply, variable frequency power supply, UPS power supply, EPS emergency power supply, purified power supply, PC power supply , rectified power supply, customized power supply, heating power supply, welding power supply/arc power supply, electroplating power supply, network power supply, electric operating power supply, adapter power supply, linear power supply, power controller/driver, power power supply, other ordinary power supply, inverter power supply, parameters Power supply, regulated power supply, transformer power supply.

(2) Special power supply

Special power supplies can be subdivided into: shore power supplies, security power supplies, high voltage power supplies, medical power supplies, military power supplies, aerospace power supplies, laser power supplies, and other special power supplies.

Special power supply is a special type of power supply. The so-called special is mainly because the technical index requirements for measuring power supplies are different from commonly used power supplies. The main reasons are that the output voltage is particularly high, the output current is particularly large, or the stability, dynamic response and ripple requirements are particularly high, or the power supply output voltage is required. Or the current is pulse or some other requirement. This makes the design and production of this type of power supply have more special and even stricter requirements than ordinary power supplies. Special power supplies are generally designed for special loads or occasion requirements, and are widely used. Mainly include: electroplating electrolysis, anodizing, induction heating, medical equipment, electrical operation, electrical testing, environmental dust removal, air purification, food sterilization, laser infrared, photoelectric display, etc. In national defense and military fields, special power supplies have irreplaceable uses for ordinary power supplies. They are mainly used in: radar navigation, high-energy physics, plasma physics and nuclear technology research, etc. (I think it is mainly used in the military)

TI Special Power Supply

Common types

Power supply AC regulated power supply

A power supply that can provide a stable voltage and frequency is called an AC stable power supply. What most domestic manufacturers do is stabilize AC voltage. The following is a brief description of the classification characteristics of AC stabilized power supplies available on the market.

Parameter adjustment (resonance) type

For this type of regulated power supply, the basic principle of voltage stabilization is LC series resonance. The early magnetic saturation voltage stabilizers fall into this category. Its advantages are simple structure, no numerous components, high reliability, wide voltage regulation range, and strong anti-interference and anti-overload capabilities. The disadvantages are high energy consumption, high noise, heavy weight and high cost.

The parametric voltage stabilizer developed on the basis of the magnetic saturation principle and the "magnetic amplifier-adjusted electronic AC voltage stabilizer" (i.e. 614 type) that became popular in my country in the 1950s are both AC voltage stabilizers based on this principle.

Auto-coupling (variation ratio) adjustment type

1. Mechanical voltage regulation type, that is, the servo motor drives the carbon brush to move on the winding sliding surface of the autotransformer, changing the ratio of Vo to Vi to achieve adjustment and stability of the output voltage. This type of voltage regulator can range from a few hundred watts to several kilowatts. It is characterized by simple structure, low cost, and small output waveform distortion; however, the sliding contacts of the carbon brushes are prone to sparks, causing the brushes to be damaged or even burnt out and become ineffective; and the voltage adjustment speed is slow.

2. Change the tap type, make the autotransformer into multiple fixed taps, and use relays or thyristors (solid-state relays) as 10 switches to automatically change the tap positions to achieve stable output voltage.

The advantages of this type of voltage stabilizer are simple circuit, wide voltage stabilizing range (130V-280V), high efficiency (≥95%), and low price. The disadvantage is that the voltage stabilization accuracy is low (±8~10%) and the working life is short. It is suitable for powering air conditioners at home.

High-power compensation type - purification type voltage regulator (including precision voltage regulator)

It uses compensation links to stabilize the output voltage and is easy to implement microcomputer control.

Its advantages are good anti-interference performance, high voltage stabilization accuracy (≤±1%), fast response (40~60ms), simple circuit and reliable operation. Disadvantages are: low-frequency oscillation when using nonlinear loads such as computers and program-controlled switches; the input-side current distortion is large and the source power factor is low; the output voltage has a phase shift relative to the input voltage. Units with high requirements for anti-interference function are suitable for use in cities. When powering the computer, a voltage regulator must be used that is about 2-3 times the total power of the computer. Because of its advantages of voltage stabilization, anti-interference, fast response speed, and moderate price, it is widely used.

Switching AC regulated power supply

It is used in high-frequency pulse width modulation technology. The difference from general switching power supplies is that its output must be an AC voltage of the same frequency and phase as the input side. Its output voltage waveforms include quasi-square wave, trapezoidal wave, sine wave, etc. The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) on the market removes the power supply and charger and is a switching AC voltage stabilized power supply. It has good performance, strong control function and is easy to realize intelligence. It is a very promising AC stabilized power supply. However, due to its complex circuit and high price, its promotion has been slow.

Power supply DC stable power supply

DC stable power supplies can be divided into chemical power supplies, linear stable power supplies and switching stable power supplies according to custom. They have various types:

chemical power source

Commonly used dry batteries, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen, and lithium-ion batteries all fall into this category, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. With the development of science and technology, smart batteries have emerged; in terms of rechargeable battery materials, American researchers have discovered an iodide of manganese, which can be used to make batteries that are cheap, compact, have a long discharge time, and still maintain their properties after multiple charges. Environmentally friendly rechargeable battery with good performance.

Linear stable power supply

A common feature of linear stable power supplies is that their power device adjustment tubes work in the linear region, and the output is stabilized by the voltage drop between the adjustment tubes. Due to the large static loss of the adjustment tube, a large radiator needs to be installed to dissipate heat. And because the transformer works at power frequency (50Hz), it weighs a lot.

The advantages of this type of power supply are high stability, small ripple, high reliability, easy to make multi-channel, and continuously adjustable output products. The disadvantages are large size, heavy weight, and relatively low efficiency. There are many types of this type of stable power supply. From the output properties, they can be divided into voltage-stabilized power supplies and current-stabilized power supplies, as well as voltage-stabilized and flow-stabilized (bistable) power supplies that combine voltage stabilization and current flow stabilization. From the perspective of output value, it can be divided into fixed-point output power supply, band switch adjustment type and potentiometer continuously adjustable type. From the output indication, it can be divided into pointer indication type and digital display type, etc.

Switching DC regulated power supply

A type of stable power supply that is different from linear regulated power supplies is switching DC regulated power supplies. Its circuit types mainly include single-ended flyback, single-ended forward, half-bridge, push-pull and full-bridge. The fundamental difference between it and a linear power supply is that its transformer does not work at power frequency but at tens of kilohertz to several megahertz. The functional tube either works in the saturation or cut-off area, that is, the switching state; hence the name of the switching power supply.

The advantages of switching power supply are small size, light weight, stability and reliability; the disadvantage is that compared with linear power supply, the ripple is larger (generally ≤1% VO (PP), good ones can be more than ten mV (PP) or less) . Its power can range from several watts to several kilowatts. The price ranges from 3 yuan to hundreds of thousands yuan/watt. The following is an introduction to several switching power supplies based on general customary categories:

1. AC/DC power supply

This type of power supply is also called a primary power supply - AC means alternating current and DC means direct current. It obtains energy from the power grid and obtains a high DC voltage through high-voltage rectification and filtering, which is used by the DC/DC converter to obtain one or several stable DC voltages at the output end. , products with power ranging from several watts to several kilowatts are available for different occasions. There are many specifications and models of this type of product, and the primary power supply (AC220 input, DC48V or 24V output) in the communication power supply also falls into this category depending on the user's needs.

2. DC/DC power supply

Also called secondary power supply in communication systems, it is a DC input voltage provided by a primary power supply or a DC battery pack. After DC/DC conversion, one or several DC voltages are obtained at the output end.

3. Communication power supply

The communication power supply is essentially a DC/DC converter power supply, except that it generally supplies power at DC -48V or -24V, and uses a backup battery as a backup for the DC power supply to convert the DC power supply voltage into the working voltage of the circuit. Generally, it also It is divided into three types: central power supply, hierarchical power supply and single-board power supply, with the latter having the highest reliability.

4. Radio power supply

The power supply of the radio station inputs AC220V/110V and outputs DC13.8V. The power is determined by the power of the radio station supplied. There are products ranging from several amps to hundreds of amps. In order to prevent the AC power grid from affecting the operation of the radio station, a battery pack is required as a backup. Therefore, in addition to outputting a 13.8V DC voltage, this type of power supply also has an automatic conversion function for battery charging.

5. Module power supply

With the rapid development of science and technology, the requirements for power supply reliability and capacity/volume ratio are getting higher and higher. Modular power supply is increasingly showing its superiority. It has high operating frequency, small size, high reliability, and is easy to install and combine for expansion. So it is becoming more and more widely adopted. At present, although there are corresponding modules produced in China, the failure rate is high because the production technology has not caught up with international standards.

Although the cost of DC/DC module power supply is relatively high at present, from the overall cost of the long application cycle of the product, especially the high maintenance cost and loss of goodwill caused by system failure, it is still cost-effective to choose this power module. , it is also worth mentioning here the Rogowski converter circuit. Its outstanding advantages are simple circuit structure, high efficiency and close to zero ripple values ​​of output voltage and current.

6. Special power supply

High voltage low current power supply, large current power supply, 400Hz input AC/DC power supply, etc. can be classified into this category and can be selected according to special needs. The price of switching power supply is generally 2-8 yuan/watt. The price of special low-power and high-power power supply is slightly higher, up to 11-13 yuan/watt.

Field of use

Power products are widely used in industrial automation control, military equipment, scientific research equipment, industrial control equipment, computers and computers, communication equipment, power equipment, instrumentation, medical equipment, semiconductor refrigeration and heating and other fields.