The development history of single-chip microcomputer and 51 series single-chip microcomputer

Aguilera

The development history of single-chip microcomputer and 51 series single-chip microcomputer [Copy link]

Microcontrollers were born in 1971 and have gone through three stages: SCM, MCU, and SoC. Early SCM microcontrollers were all 8-bit or 4-bit. The most successful one was INTEL's 8051, and then the MCS51 series MCU system was developed on the 8051. Microcontroller systems based on this system are still widely used today. With the increasing requirements in the field of industrial control, 16-bit microcontrollers began to appear, but they were not widely used because of their poor cost performance. After the 1990s, with the rapid development of consumer electronic products, microcontroller technology has been greatly improved. With the widespread application of the INTEL i960 series, especially the later ARM series, 32-bit microcontrollers quickly replaced the high-end status of 16-bit microcontrollers and entered the mainstream market. The performance of traditional 8-bit microcontrollers has also been rapidly improved, with processing capabilities hundreds of times higher than in the 1980s. The main frequency of high-end 32-bit Soc microcontrollers has exceeded 300MHz, and their performance is comparable to that of dedicated processors in the mid-1990s. The factory price of ordinary models has dropped to $1, and the highest-end models are only $10. Contemporary microcontroller systems are no longer developed and used only in bare metal environments. A large number of dedicated embedded operating systems are widely used on the entire series of microcontrollers. High-end microcontrollers that serve as the core processors of handheld computers and mobile phones can even directly use dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems. (1) Early stage: SCM, or single-chip microcomputer (Microcontrollers) stage, mainly seeks the best architecture for the best single-chip embedded system. The success of the "innovation model" has laid a completely different development path for SCM and general-purpose computers. Intel has made an indelible contribution to the independent development of embedded systems. (2) Mid-term development: MCU (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main technical development direction is: to continuously expand the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits required by the target system when embedded applications, highlighting the intelligent control ability of the target. The fields it involves are all related to the target system, so the responsibility of developing MCU inevitably falls on electrical and electronic technology manufacturers. From this perspective, Intel's gradual withdrawal from the development of MCU also has its objective factors. In terms of the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturer is Philips. With its huge advantages in embedded applications, Philips quickly developed MCS-51 from a single-chip microcomputer to a microcontroller. Therefore, when we review the development of embedded systems, we should not forget the historical achievements of Intel and Philips. (3) Current trend: The independent development path of SoC embedded systems (System on Chip) and the important factor in the development to the MCU stage are to seek the maximum solution of application systems on the chip. Therefore, the development of dedicated single-chip microcomputers naturally forms a SoC trend. With the development of microelectronics technology, IC design, and EDA tools, the design of single-chip microcomputer application systems based on SoC will have a great development. Therefore, the understanding of single-chip microcomputers can be extended from single-chip microcomputers and single-chip microcontrollers to single-chip application systems. Early Development Timeline In 1971, Intel developed the world's first 4-bit microprocessor; Hoff of Intel successfully developed the world's first 4-bit microprocessor chip, Intel 4004, marking the advent of the first generation of microprocessors, and the beginning of the era of microprocessors and microcomputers. Because of his invention of the microprocessor, Hoff was listed as one of the "7 most influential scientists since World War II" by the British magazine "The Economist". In November 1971, Intel launched the MCS-4 microcomputer system (including 4001 ROM chip, 4002 RAM chip, 4003 shift register chip and 4004 microprocessor). The 4004 (below) contains 2,300 transistors and measures 3mm×4mm. Its computing performance far exceeds that of ENIAC. It was initially sold for $200. In April 1972, Hoff and others developed the first 8-bit microprocessor, Intel 8008. Since 8008 uses a P-channel MOS microprocessor, it is still a first-generation microprocessor. In 1973, Intel developed the 8-bit microprocessor 8080; in August 1973, Hoff et al. developed the 8-bit microprocessor Intel 8080, which replaced the P-channel with the N-channel MOS circuit, and the second generation of microprocessors was born. The 2MHz 8080 chip has a computing speed 10 times faster than the 8008, can access 64KB of memory, uses 6,000 transistors based on 6-micron technology, and has a processing speed of 0.64MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second). In April 1975, MITS released the first general-purpose Altair 8800, priced at $375 with 1KB memory. This was the world's first microcomputer. In 1976, Intel developed the MCS-48 series of 8-bit single-chip microcomputers, which was also the advent of single-chip microcomputers. The Z80 microprocessor developed by Zilog in 1976 is widely used in microcomputers and industrial automatic control equipment. At that time, Zilog, Motorola and Intel were the three major players in the field of microprocessors. In the early 1980s, Intel launched the MCS-51 series of 8-bit high-end single-chip microcomputers based on the MCS-48 series of single-chip microcomputers. The MCS-51 series of microcontrollers have made great improvements in on-chip RAM capacity, I/O port functions, and system expansion. 51 series of single-chip microcomputer main products: *Intel: 80C31, 80C51, 87C51, 80C32, 80C52, 87C52, etc.; *ATMEL: 89C51, 89C52, 89C2051, 89S51 (RC), 89S52 (RC), etc.; *Many products of Philips, Winbond, Dallas, Siemens and other companies; STC (domestic Hongjing) single-chip microcomputer: 89c51, 89c52, 89c516, 90c516 and many other brands.

tiankai001

In 1975, Texas Instruments (TI) launched the 4-bit single-chip microcomputer, TMS-1000, marking the official birth of single-chip microcomputers. Then in 1976, Intel's MCS-48 series of 8-bit single-chip microcomputers came out.