随着蓝光和白光发光二极管(LED)在1990年大举迈向实用化阶段后,无论是利用LED所进行的全彩显示,或是在近年来社会大众对节能议题所展现的高度重视下,LED所普及到的智能手机、个人电脑(PC)、电视背光、照明、白色家电产品或交通号誌等多样化的产品应用领域愈来愈广。为满足市场需求,业界针对各种产品系列,包括能够实现高演色性与高可靠性的照明用LED、以PICOLED为代表产品的小型薄型LED,以及车用客製化色彩LED等倾注了相当的研发资源。
White LED output for lighting is growing rapidly
Driven by the world's energy-saving trend and the rising awareness of energy conservation caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake, the Japanese market's demand for white light LEDs for lighting has increased significantly, prompting the LED lighting market output value to continue to grow rapidly. However, if the lighting source is to be completely converted from traditional incandescent bulbs to LED lighting, there are still some urgent problems in product characteristics that need to be solved. Among them, the industry's research and development focus is especially on the high color rendering and high reliability of LED lamps. The following will share the technologies for high Ra value and luminous efficiency.
Taking into account both high Ra value and luminous efficiency
The average color rendering index (Ra) is an index of how well a light source makes an object display or reproduce its true color. The higher the index, the better the color reproduction (Ra of sunlight is 100). The market expects white light LEDs for lighting to have both high luminous efficiency and high color rendering (Ra≧80), but there is a trade-off between luminous efficiency and Ra value. As the market has higher requirements for luminous efficiency, most of the LEDs on the market are high luminous efficiency LEDs with Ra≒70.
The packaging structure of a general white light LED lamp is to mount a blue light LED chip on a substrate and then package it with a resin containing a phosphor. When the light color of the LED component (blue) is mixed with the light color of the phosphor (yellow, red or green, etc.), white light is formed.
从发光效率的观点上来看,一般大多以蓝光+黄光来形成白光,但这样会造成红光的重现性不佳,因此不适合照明用途。一般所採用的解决方法就是增加红光的成分,藉此改善红光的重现性,但如此会有导致发光效率不理想的问题。
为兼顾高发光效率与高Ra值,业者将萤光体有效率地配置于封装内部,以两全其美的技术做为解决对策,成功地研发出Ra≧80且发光效率极高的产品。该系列产品无论在Ra或R9(红色)指数上的表现均十分良好,与Ra值相同的其他厂牌产品相较之下,该系列产品的R9值更高,红色的重现性也更佳。随着此项技术的突破,LED灯不但能降低色度的不均,还能因应更细緻的色度等级。
High reliability
近年来,市场上对于可靠性的相关需求也变得日益高涨。尤其是由于LED封装反射率较高,一般大多採用镀银的方式,不过银会因为硫化(因与硫磺产生反应而变黑的一种现象)而造成LED光束劣化,该现象对于户外LED灯造成严重问题,因此各家厂商莫不提出各种镀银方案的因应对策,但目前此问题仍无法完全获得改善。
有鑑于此,业界捨弃镀银方式,改採镀镍/镀金的方式。将LED封装镀银改为镀镍/镀金后,虽然会导致成本增加,并因反射率的降低而造成发光效率不佳,但经由封装结构的改善后,目前这些问题都已成功地被克服。
The new packaging structure can maintain high luminous efficiency and achieve high-reliability LED luminous performance. This series of products shows excellent performance even in sulfurization tests and can completely avoid beam degradation.
LED miniaturization/thinning
随着行动装置体积轻薄短小化,市场上对于小间距产品的需求逐年强烈,零件也面临着更多降低高度及缩小尺寸之要求。此外,由于户外全彩显示装置大多採用LED,为提高表现效果,全彩型LED封装亦朝向更高密度发展。
Component Technology
为让封装更小、更薄,内部的LED元件也必须同时採用小型薄型规格。因此,业者从晶圆上的发光层成膜到晶片化均採用自行研发的製程技术,终于成功地将磷化铝镓铟(AlGaInP)发光LED的元件尺寸缩小至边角0.13毫米(mm)、厚度t=50微米(μm),一举实现小型化目标。
Molding Technology
为确保产品的强度,业者提出针对半导体元件进行树脂封止的加工方法。树脂封止加工係採用移转成形(TransferMold)法,但铸模模具的模穴会愈来愈薄(模穴厚度0.10毫米),因此必须确保树脂的流动性。此外,为确保LED的光学特性,无法对其添加用来确保零件强度的填充材料,如此一来,便会造成产品在机械性强度上的降低,但上述问题目前皆已解决。
Assembly technology
在LED晶片的製作上,必须在厚度t=0.10毫米的封止树脂中对LED元件进行焊线,因此业者採用自行研发的焊线机,成功缩小间距并降低迴路。
目前,世界最小的超小型LED体积仅1006尺寸,厚度仅0.2毫米,此产品不受设置空间的限制,并採用高亮度LED元件,透过LED发光,能够让光线从行动电话的外壳内部进行穿透照明。
不但如此,超小型LED还可适用于点矩阵显示器。传统的1608尺寸产品最小间距为2毫米,而超小型LED却能以最小间距1.5毫米进行高密度安装,因此能展现出更细緻的表现效果。
在其他特色方面,由于该方案的封装尺寸极小,因此可以用在七段显示器、点矩阵显示器模组上,并省略在晶片直接封装(COB)技术上所必须的晶粒黏着(Die-bonding)、焊线、树脂接合(Bonding)等製程。
Automotive LED lighting attracts attention
随着LED灯泡及照明用途急速普及化,车用LED照明较以往更受到市场的青睐。在车辆内装用途上,无论是汽车音响、汽车导航系统或是空调面板等主要背光,目前几乎已全面採用LED光源。接下来,像是目前仍採用传统灯泡的室内灯及警示灯,以及採用冷阴极管的仪表板背光等也将渐渐地面临汰换的命运。
在车辆外装上,近年来像是尾灯、转向灯、定位灯等传统灯泡也已逐步被汰换,甚至连头灯也都由传统的卤素灯、高亮度放电(HID)灯转而被LED灯所取代。若从环境辨识性的观点上来看,採用LED灯作为昼行灯(Daytime Running Lamps,DRL)的趋势更是值得关注。
In order to meet the diverse needs of automotive applications, the industry will focus on the following two areas in the development of automotive LED technology.
Customized requirements for color and brightness
在汽车内装方面,像是空调面板等仪表板周边的光源大多由车厂来指定颜色。业者所推出的磷化铝镓铟元件型LED系列产品,挟元件自製优势,无论是色彩、光度皆可依客户要求自行客製化。
其他像是利用氮化铟镓(InGaN)及含有萤光体的树脂所成功创造出的白光及粉色LED系列,也能提供色彩客製化功能。像是主要按键的背光等使用频率较高的按键,即可藉由微妙的颜色差异突显其与相邻按键之相异性,藉此唤起使用者的注意。这种磷化铝镓铟元件採用在磊晶成长(Epitaxial Growth)阶段上抑制波长差异的技术,因此能够满足客户严格的规格要求。
Develop anti-sulfurization measures/expand new products
On the other hand, the market's biggest requirement for LED lights for vehicle exterior applications such as taillights is heat resistance and tolerance to harsh climates. However, since the lead frames of traditional LED packages are made of silver-plated materials, they are prone to sulfurization and beam degradation, and this problem is now beginning to receive attention.
鉴于此,业界改镀镍/镀钯/镀金做为导线架材料,成功解决因硫化所造成的光束劣化问题。另外,对于镀镍/镀钯/镀金所引起的光度降低缺点,业者亦研发出新的一系列产品,藉由提高元件本身输出效率的方式来解决,展现出毫不逊于镀银产品的光束强度。未来,业界将採镀镍/镀钯/镀金做为封装硫化改善对策,并积极扩充新的产品系列,以满足客户的多样化需求。
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