Component knowledge: types and uses of integrated circuits

In the electronics industry, integrated circuits are widely used. Every year, many general or special integrated circuits are developed and produced. This article will give a comprehensive explanation of the knowledge of integrated circuits.
1. Types of integrated circuits
There are many types of integrated circuits, which can be divided into two categories according to their functions: analog integrated circuits and digital integrated circuits. The former is used to generate, amplify and process various analog electrical signals; the latter is used to generate, amplify and process various digital electrical signals. The so-called analog signal refers to a signal whose amplitude changes continuously over time. For example, when a person speaks into a microphone, the audio signal output by the microphone is an analog signal. The audio signal and television signal received and amplified in radios, recorders, audio equipment and televisions are also analog signals. The so-called digital signal refers to a signal that takes discrete values ​​in time and amplitude. For example, a telegraph code signal generates an electrical signal by pressing a key, and the generated electrical signal is discontinuous. This discontinuous electrical signal is generally called an electrical pulse or pulse signal. The signal running in a computer is a pulse signal, but these pulse signals all represent exact numbers, so they are also called digital signals. In electronic technology, non-continuously changing signals other than analog signals are generally referred to as digital signals. At present, in the maintenance of household appliances or general electronic production, the main signals encountered are analog signals; then, the most common ones are analog integrated circuits.
Integrated circuits can be divided into three categories according to their manufacturing processes: semiconductor integrated circuits, film integrated circuits, and hybrid integrated circuits. Semiconductor integrated circuits are integrated circuits that use semiconductor process technology to manufacture components such as resistors, capacitors, triodes, diodes, etc. on silicon substrates and have certain circuit functions; membrane integrated circuits are passive components such as resistors and capacitors that are manufactured in the form of "films" on insulating objects such as glass or ceramic sheets. The numerical range of passive components can be made very wide and the accuracy can be made very high. However, the current technical level cannot produce active devices such as crystal diodes and triodes in the form of "films", which greatly limits the application scope of membrane integrated circuits. In practical applications, semiconductor integrated circuits or discrete components such as diodes and triodes are mostly added to passive membrane circuits to form a whole, which is a hybrid integrated circuit. According to the thickness of the film, film integrated circuits are divided into thick film integrated circuits (film thickness is 1μm to 10μm) and thin film integrated circuits (film thickness is less than 1μm). In the process of home appliance maintenance and general electronic production, semiconductor integrated circuits, thick film circuits and a small amount of hybrid integrated circuits are mainly encountered.
According to the degree of integration, they can be divided into four categories: small-scale, medium-scale, large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits. For analog integrated circuits, due to the high process requirements and complex circuits, it is generally considered that the integration of less than 50 components is a small-scale integrated circuit, the integration of 50-100 components is a medium-scale integrated circuit, and the integration of more than 100 components is a large-scale integrated circuit; for digital integrated circuits, it is generally considered that the integration of 1 to 10 equivalent gates/chip or 10 to 100 components/chip is a small-scale integrated circuit, the integration of 10 to 100 equivalent gates/chip or 100 to 1000 components/chip is a medium-scale integrated circuit, the integration of 100 to 10,000 equivalent gates/chip or 1000 to 100,000 components/chip is a large-scale integrated circuit, and the integration of more than 10,000 equivalent gates/chip or more than 100,000 components/chip is a very large-scale integrated circuit.
According to the different conductive types, it is divided into two categories: bipolar integrated circuits and unipolar integrated circuits. The former has good frequency characteristics, but has high power consumption and complex manufacturing process. Most analog integrated circuits and TTL, ECL, HTL, LSTTL, and STTL types in digital integrated circuits belong to this category. The latter has a low operating speed, but high input impedance, low power consumption, simple manufacturing process, and is easy to integrate on a large scale. Its main product is MOS integrated circuits. MOS circuits are divided into NMOS, PMOS, and CMOS types.
NMOS integrated circuits are integrated circuits composed of N-type channel MOS devices on semiconductor silicon wafers; electrons participate in the conduction.
PMOS type is an integrated circuit composed of P-type channel MOS devices on semiconductor silicon wafers; holes participate in the conduction. CMOS type is an integrated circuit composed of NMOS transistors and PMOS transistors complementing each other, called complementary MOS integrated circuits, abbreviated as CMOS integrated circuits.
In addition to the various types of integrated circuits introduced above, there are now many integrated circuits for special purposes, called application-specific integrated circuits.
Let us first introduce circuits with different functions in analog integrated circuits.
1. Integrated operational amplifier
An integrated operational amplifier is a high-gain direct-coupled amplifier that contains hundreds of transistors, resistors, and capacitors. However, its volume is only as large as a low-power transistor, and its power consumption is only a few milliwatts to a few hundred milliwatts, but it has many functions. It is usually composed of three basic parts: input stage, intermediate amplifier stage, and output stage. In addition to the 10, 1 input and output terminals, the operational amplifier also has 10, 1 power supply terminals, external compensation circuit terminals, zero adjustment terminals, phase compensation terminals, common ground terminals, and other additional terminals. Its amplification factor depends on the external feedback resistor, which brings great convenience to its use. There are general-purpose operational amplifiers, such as uA709 , 5G922, FC1, FC31, F005 , 4E320, 8FC2, SG006 , BG305 , etc.; general-purpose type III includes F748 , F108 , XFC81, F008 , 4E322, etc.; low-power amplifiers ( UPC253 , 7XC4, 5G26, F3078, etc.); low-noise operational amplifiers (such as F5037 , XFC88); high-speed operational amplifiers (such as domestic models include F715, F722 , 4E321, F318, and foreign models include uA702 ); high-voltage operational amplifiers (domestic models include F1536, BG315 , F143 ); and current-type, single-power, transconductance, electrostatic, and programmable operational amplifiers. 2. Voltage stabilizer integrated circuit Voltage stabilizer integrated circuit is also called integrated voltage stabilizer, and its circuit form mostly adopts series voltage stabilizer. Compared with discrete component voltage stabilizer, integrated voltage stabilizer is small in size, high in performance, easy to use and reliable. There are many types of integrated voltage stabilizers, including multi-terminal adjustable, three-terminal adjustable, three-terminal fixed and monolithic switch integrated voltage stabilizers. Multi-terminal adjustable integrated voltage stabilizer has high precision and low price, but low output power and many lead terminals, which brings inconvenience to use. Multi-terminal adjustable integrated voltage stabilizer can be added with corresponding external components as needed to form current limiting and power protection. There are differences in the basic circuit forms of similar products at home and abroad, but the basic principles are similar. Domestic ones include W2 series, WB7 series, WA7 series, BG11, etc. The three-terminal adjustable output integrated voltage stabilizer has high precision and small output voltage ripple. Generally, the output voltage is 1.25V~35V or l.25V~35V continuously adjustable. Its models include W117, W138, LM317 ,




LM138 , LM196 and other models.
The three-terminal fixed output integrated voltage regulator is a series-adjustable voltage regulator. Its circuit has only three terminals: input, output and common, which is easy to use. Its models include W78 positive voltage series and W79 negative voltage series.
The switching integrated voltage regulator is a new type of voltage-stabilized power supply. Its working principle is different from the above three types. It is a converter that converts DC to AC and then to DC. The output voltage is adjustable and the efficiency is very high. Its models include AN5900 , HA17524 and other models, which are widely used in televisions, electronic instruments and other equipment. 3. Audio integrated circuits Single-sound integrated circuits are constantly developed with the development of radios, tape recorders, and combination audio equipment. Audio circuits require multi-functions, high power and high fidelity. For example, a single-chip radio or tape recorder circuit must have frequency conversion, detection, intermediate amplifier, low amplifier, AGC, power amplifier and voltage stabilization circuits. The process technology of audio integrated circuits is constantly developing, and the use of digital transmission and processing has continuously improved the various electroacoustic indicators of the audio system. For example, pulse code modulation recorders and CD players can improve the signal-to-noise ratio and stereo separation, and minimize distortion. According to their own circuit functions, audio integrated circuits are divided into high and medium frequency amplifier integrated circuits, power amplifier integrated circuits, low noise preamplifier integrated circuits, stereo decoding integrated circuits, single-chip radios, and tape recorders. Driver integrated circuits and special function integrated circuits. High and medium frequency amplifier integrated circuits are small and compact, with high automatic gain, good control characteristics, and low distortion. They are widely used in radios and tape recorders. Among them, the models of AM integrated circuits include FD304, SL1018 , SL1018AM, TB1018, etc. FM integrated circuits include TA7303 , TDA1576 , LA1165 , LA1210 , TDA1062 , etc. AM and FM common integrated circuits have AM frequency conversion function, AM detection function, and FM frequency discrimination and limiting function. Stereo decoding circuits specifically used for FM stereo receivers. Later products (after the 1970s) include LA3350 , LA3361 , HA11227 , AN7140 , BA1350 , TA7343P and other models. Monolithic integrated circuits have become a popular monolithic audio integrated circuit in the world. The cost of assembling a radio with a monolithic radio integrated circuit is low and debugging is convenient. Among them, the ULN2204 AM radio integrated circuit has complete functions and can work in the voltage range of 3V to 12V. Similar models include HA12402, TA7613, ULN2204A, etc. Special function integrated circuits include display drive circuits, motor speed stabilization circuits, automatic song selection circuits and noise reduction circuits. Among them, the dual-row 5-point LED level display driver integrated circuit can drive 10 light-emitting diodes at the same time. It is a common integrated circuit used for volume indication, AC/DC level indication, and AC/DC power supply voltage indication in high-end and medium-end recorders, radios, CD players and other audio equipment. For example, there are SL322 and SL325 models produced in China, and LB1405 and TA7666P models produced abroad. The models of 6, 7, and 9-point LED level display driver integrated circuits include SL326, SL327, LB1407, LB1409, etc. In addition to the above, special function integrated circuits also include automatic song selection integrated circuits and noise reduction integrated circuits. For example, there are NE464, LM1101, LA2730, uPC1180, HA12045, HA12028, etc. Some circuit models have certain compatibility. 4. TV integrated circuits The integrated circuits used in TVs are of various types and models, but there is a trend towards high integration of single-chip microcomputers and two-chip microcomputers. The integrated circuits used in TVs are listed below: (1) Sound system integrated circuits The new trend in TV sound systems is to use TV multiple sound systems and various single-chip or multi-chip TV dual sound signal processing integrated circuits. For example, the BL5250, BJ5250, and DG5250 audio amplifiers and audio power amplifiers used in color TV sound circuits. The circuit uses a 16-pin dual in-line package and is equipped with a heat sink. The D7176P and uPC1353C audio amplifiers and limiting amplifiers have the characteristics of high gain, stable DC operating point, low detection distortion, good frequency response performance, and high output power. The uPC1353C has exactly the same functions as the AN1353. Its DC volume control range is 80dB, the output stage voltage range is 9V to 18V, the distortion is less than 0.6%, and the maximum audio output power is 1.2W to 2.4W. Other integrated circuits used for audio amplifiers and power amplifiers include: D7176, TA7678AD, IX0052CE, IX0065CE, AN241P, CA3065, KA2101, LA1365, TA7176, KC583, etc. (2) Line-field scanning integrated circuits The performance of line-field scanning integrated circuits is better than that of discrete component circuits, and some integrated scanning circuit systems use digital automatic synchronization circuits to obtain stable field frequency signals, ensuring the stability of interlaced scanning, eliminating the need for "field synchronization" potentiometer adjustment, and improving the degree of automation. For example, models such as D7609P, LA1460, TA7609P, and TB7609 have circuit functions such as: synchronization separation, field output, field oscillation, AFT, and line oscillation protection. The circuits of type D002 (domestic) and HA11669 (foreign) have functions of line oscillation and line excitation; the circuits of type D004 (domestic) and KC581C (foreign) have main functions of field oscillation and field output; the circuits of type D7242, TA7242P, KA2131, uPC1031Hz, LA1358, uPC1378h, etc. have main functions of field oscillation, field output, and field excitation; the circuits of type D1031Hz, BG1031Hz, LD1031Hz, and uPC1031Hz have main functions of field oscillation and field output. 3) Image IF amplifier and video amplifier integrated circuits The early IF channel integrated circuits used three integrated circuits to respectively complete the functions of IF amplifier, video detection, and AFT. At present, integrated circuits that compress the three major systems of image IF amplifier, video, audio IF amplifier, and line field scanning into one chip have appeared, which simplifies the circuit and brings greater convenience to use and debugging.


















This type of integrated circuits include: D1366C, SF1366, uPC1366, CD003, HA1167, D7607AP, TA7607, AN5132, CD7680CD, HA1126D, HA11215A, TB7607, TA7611AP, LA1357N, AN5150.
M51353P, etc.
(4) Color decoding integrated circuits
The function of the color decoding circuit is to restore the color signal so that the color of the image is normal. Early color decoding integrated circuits were completed by several circuits, such as the domestically produced 5G3108, 5G314, 7CD1, 7CD2, 7CD3, etc.; later, single-chip PAL color decoding integrated circuits were used, such as TA7193AP/P, TA7644AP/P, IX02lCE, uPC1400c, M51338SP, M51393AP, IX0719CE, AN5625, etc. Among them, AN5625, uPC1400C and other integrated circuits applied digital filter delay networks, and some integrated all small signal processing into one circuit, making the circuit smaller and more functional.
(5) Power supply integrated circuits
Currently, most TV power control uses integrated circuits, and the circuit types are switch type and series type.
The integrated circuits for switching power supply control include: W2019, IR9494, NJM2048, AN5900, etc.; the series type DC voltage regulator integrated circuits include: STR455, STR451, LA5110, LA5112, STR5404, etc.
(6) Remote control integrated circuits
Remote control integrated circuits are divided into remote control transmitting integrated circuits and remote control receiving integrated circuits.
For example, the integrated circuits used in Hitachi CEP-323D color TV and Furi HFC-323 color TV are uPD1943G and LA7234 remote control integrated circuits. uPD1934G is a remote control transmitting circuit that emits infrared light signals; LA7224 is a remote control receiving integrated circuit.
uPD1943G is a 20-pin dual-lead in-line package (also available in 22-row flat package), and its main parameters and features are as follows:
① It is a CMOS circuit, and its features are similar to those of M50119;
② The power supply voltage is 3V, and the power supply current is 0.1mA to 1mA;
③ The output current is 13mA, and the power consumption is 0.25W;
④ It can be equipped with 4×8 keys, with a total of 32 control functions.
M50142P and uPC1373H are a pair of remote control integrated circuits.
The main parameters and features of uPC1373H:
① The power supply voltage is 6V to 14.4V.
② The current variation range is 1.3mA to 3.5mA;
③ The allowable power dissipation is 0.27W;
④ The main features, structure, and pin arrangement are the same as those of LA7224;
⑤ A 150k resistor is often connected to the ground at the 4th pin.
5. Electronic keyboard integrated circuits
Electronic keyboard integrated circuits include 5G2208, 5G001, 5G002, CW93520, LM6402, M112, Z8611, etc. They are only the size of a small button, and contain oscillators, note generators, preamplifiers and other circuits, which can play 22 to 61 basic notes. The 5G005 type is a scale generator, and the LM8071 integrated circuit can be used as an echo main scale generator. It is one of the core components of the electronic keyboard. M208 is a single-chip electronic keyboard NMOS integrated circuit with a short array processing 61 keys and an anti-jitter circuit. YM3812 is a new type of electronic keyboard dedicated sound source integrated circuit.
6. CMOS integrated circuits
Among digital integrated circuits, we only introduce CMOS circuits in MOS digital integrated circuits. Because CMOS integrated circuits are widely used in some small household appliances.
(1) Characteristics of CMOS integrated circuits
The structure and manufacturing process of CMOS circuits are different from TTL circuits, and the power consumption of CMOS integrated circuits is very low. Generally, the average static power consumption of a small-scale CMOS integrated circuit is less than 10uW, which is the lowest among all kinds of practical circuits. For example, the average power consumption of a TTL integrated circuit is 10mW, which is 10 times that of a CMOS circuit. However, the dynamic power consumption of a CMOS integrated circuit increases with the increase of the operating frequency.
The input characteristics of a CMOS circuit are represented by input current and capacitance. Since the input resistance of the circuit is very high, the input current is generally less than 0.1uA; the input capacitance is the sum of various stray capacitances, generally around 5pF.
The output characteristics of a CMOS circuit depend on the output line form and the characteristic parameters of the output tube. Most CMOS circuits can use output drive current, logic level and state transition time to represent the output characteristics.
(2) Types of CMOS integrated circuits
There are many types of CMOS circuits, but the most commonly used are gate circuits.
The logic gates in CMOS circuits include NOT gates, AND gates, NAND gates, NOR gates, OR gates, XOR gates, XNOR gates, Schmitt trigger gates, buffers, drivers, etc.
NOT gates, also known as inverters, are logic gates with only one input and one output. When the input is high, the output is low; otherwise, the output is high. The output is always inverted or complementary to the input. The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. When all inputs are high, the output is also high; as long as one or more inputs are low, the output is low.
The NAND gate outputs high when one or more inputs are low; the output is low only when all inputs are high.
The OR gate has one OR terminal and two or more inputs. When all inputs are low, the output is low. If one or more inputs are high, the output is inverted. The NOR gate circuit outputs high when all inputs are low; as long as one or more inputs are high, the output is low. The
XOR gate circuit has two inputs and one output. When only one of the two inputs is high, the output is high; when both inputs are low or both are high, the output is low.
The XOR gate is inverted to become an XNOR gate. The XNOR gate is also called the "X-NOR gate". The XNOR gate has only two input terminals and one output terminal. When both input terminals are low or high, the output is high;
when only one of the two input terminals is high, the output is low.
The gate circuit composed of the most basic circuit has disadvantages such as poor anti-interference performance and asymmetry. In order to overcome these disadvantages, an inverter can be added to the output or input terminal as a buffer stage; or an inverter can be added to both the output or input terminal as a buffer stage. The gate circuit composed in this way is called a gate circuit with a buffer.
The output end of the gate circuit with buffered output is an inverter, and the output driving ability is determined only by the tube characteristics of the output stage, and has nothing to do with the logical state of each input end. The output driving ability of the gate circuit without buffer is related to the input state. On the other hand. The transfer characteristics of the gate circuit with buffer are at least the result of multiplying the transfer characteristics of three levels, so the conversion area is narrow, the shape is close to the ideal rectangle, and it does not change with the number of input terminals. The gate circuit with buffer has an anti-interference performance of 10% higher power supply voltage. In addition, the gate circuit with buffer has the advantages of symmetrical output waveform, large AC voltage gain, narrow bandwidth, and relatively small input capacitance. However, due to the addition of the buffer stage, it also brings some disadvantages. For example, the transmission delay time is increased, so the gate circuit with buffer is suitable for use in high-speed circuit systems.
In digital circuits, due to the different logic levels of TTL circuits, CMOS circuits, ECL circuits, etc., when these circuits are connected to each other, level conversion must be performed so that each circuit works within its own allowable voltage operating range.
A three-state logic gate in a digital circuit generally refers to a circuit whose output terminal can present three output resistance states, or simply "three-state output", which is usually represented by the letter "Z".
The two-state characteristics of a three-state circuit when in use are the same as those of an ordinary circuit, while the "Z" state characteristics when disabled depend on the leakage current of the three-state gate circuit.