Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are semiconductor devices that can effectively absorb solar radiation and convert it into electrical energy. They can be used alone as light detection elements, such as in cameras, and are mainly connected in series and in parallel to obtain the required voltage and current for use as power supply. The appearance of a solar cell is like a thin card or a thin piece of glass, which is different from the appearance of an ordinary battery. It cannot store electrical energy by itself, that is, it does not generate electricity when there is no light. If you want to use it at night, you must use it with a storage battery.
Every 100 cm2 of solar cell area can generate about 1 watt of electricity under strong sunlight. The 1 kilowatt-hour we often refer to is 1 kilowatt-hour, which means that a 1 kilowatt battery needs to work for 1 hour to generate 1 kilowatt-hour.
Solar photovoltaic power generation can be regarded as the most wonderful, longest-lived and most reliable power generation technology so far. Compared with solar power generation, it also involves semiconductor devices, has no moving parts and no flowing fluids, thus avoiding the problems of mechanical maintenance and fluid corrosion, and is a reliable energy source for renewable energy and sustainable development.
The development of silicon solar cells began in 1954 when Bell Laboratories in the United States successfully trial-produced them. The following year, they were used as power sources for telecommunication devices. In 1958, they were first used in the United States on the Pioneer 1 satellite. Space development has greatly promoted the development of solar cells. At the same time, research on ground-based solar cells has also been carried out continuously, especially the energy crisis in 1973, which greatly accelerated the development of ground-based solar cells. Many countries have invested a considerable amount of money in the development and utilization of solar cells and in the research of sunlight power generation. Most of the thousands of aircraft flying in space so far are equipped with solar cell systems. The launch of the first artificial satellite was the starting point for the development and utilization of photovoltaic technology. After nearly fifty years of development, it has formed a new photovoltaic science and photovoltaic engineering. Whether it is used in space flight or as a ground power generation system, photovoltaic technology is the leader in new energy in terms of development speed, technical maturity and application fields.
As a potential renewable energy source, solar cells are gradually being promoted on the ground. The cost and price of solar cells are also decreasing year by year. For many years, the output of solar cells has been increasing at a rate of 10-25%. In 1990, the world's output of solar cell modules was 70MW (megawatts), and my country's was 1.2MW, mainly used in remote areas with good sunlight. By 2001, the world's solar cell output reached 350MW, and my country's actual output of solar cells had reached 4.5MW, and the cumulative installation volume had exceeded 20MW. my country is a developing country with a vast territory and many remote provinces and economically underdeveloped areas. According to statistics, there are still 7 million households (28 million people) in my country who have not yet used electricity, and 60% of the counties with electricity are seriously short of electricity. These areas cannot rely on conventional electricity to solve the electricity problem in the short term. Photovoltaic power generation is an ideal way to solve the electricity problem of scattered farmers and herdsmen, and the market potential is very huge.
Photovoltaic power generation has many advantages: such as: safe and reliable, no noise, no pollution, energy is available everywhere, not restricted by geographical location, no need to consume fuel, no mechanical rotating parts, low failure rate, simple maintenance, can be unattended, short station construction period, arbitrary scale, no need to set up transmission lines, can be easily combined with buildings, etc. These advantages are unmatched by other power generation methods.
At present, the batteries widely used in the world are single crystal silicon solar cells, polycrystalline silicon solar cells and amorphous silicon solar cells. These three types of batteries each account for about 1/3 of the market. my country currently has 7 solar cell production lines, mainly producing single crystal silicon and amorphous silicon solar cells, and also a small amount of polycrystalline silicon solar cells. The efficiency of single crystal silicon solar cells produced in my country is 12-13%, polycrystalline silicon solar cells are 10%, and amorphous silicon solar cells are 5-6%. Crystalline silicon solar cells are being developed in the direction of high efficiency, thin slices, and large areas in research. In 1995, the reference price of crystalline silicon solar cell modules in my country was 45 yuan/watt, and that of amorphous silicon solar cell modules was 25 yuan/watt, which is still several times that of conventional energy, but it has produced good economic benefits in areas without electricity and where it is inconvenient to pull wires.
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