DC/DC模块电源以其体积小巧、性能卓异、使用方便的显著特点,在通信、网络、工控、铁路、军事等领域日益得到广泛的应用。很多系统设计人员已经意识到:正确合理地选用DC/DC模块电源,可以省却电源设计、调试方面的麻烦,将主要精力集中在自己专业的领域,这样不仅可以提高整体系统的可靠性和设计水平,而且更重要的是缩短了整个产品的研发周期,为在激烈的市场竞争中领先致胜赢得了宝贵商机。那么,怎样正确合理地选用DC/DC模块电源呢,笔者将从DC/DC模块电源开发设计的角度,结合近年来邮科公司模块电源推广使用过程中得到的用户信息反馈,谈一谈这方面的问题,以供广大系统设计人员参考。
DC/DC模块电源的选择
选择使用DC/DC模块电源除了最基本的电压转换功能外,还有以下几个方面需要考虑:
1. 额定功率
一般建议实际使用功率是模块电源额定功率的30~80%为宜(具体比例大小还与其他因素有关,后面将会提到。),这个功率范围内模块电源各方面性能发挥都比较充分而且稳定可靠。负载太轻造成资源浪费,太重则对温升、可靠性等不利。所有模块电源均有一定的过载能力,例如鼎立信公司产品可达 120~150%,但是仍不建议长时间工作在过载条件下,毕竟这是一种短时应急之计。
2.封装形式
模块电源的封装形式多种多样,符合国际标准的也有,非标准的也有,就同一公司产品而言,相同功率产品有不同封装,相同封装有不同功率,那么怎么选择封装形式呢?主要有三个方面:① 一定功率条件下体积要尽量小,这样才能给系统其他部分更多空间更多功能;② 尽量选择符合国际标准封装的产品,因为兼容性较好,不局限于一两个供货厂家;③ 应具有可扩展性,便于系统扩容和升级。选择一种封装,系统由于功能升级对电源功率的要求提高,电源模块封装依然不变,系统线路板设计可以不必改动,从而大大简化了产品升级更新换代,节约时间。以鼎立信公司大功率模块电源产品为例:全部符合国际标准,为业界广泛采用的半砖、全砖封装,与VICOR、 LAMBDA等著名品牌完全兼容,并且半砖产品功率范围覆盖50~200W,全砖产品覆盖100~300W。
3.温度范围与降额使用
一般厂家的模块电源都有几个温度范围产品可供选用:商品级、工业级、军用级等,在选择模块电源时一定要考虑实际需要的工作温度范围,因为温度等级不同材料和制造工艺不同价格就相差很大,选择不当还会影响使用,因此不得不慎重考虑。可以有两种选择方法:一是根据使用功率和封装形式选择,如果在体积(封装形式)一定的条件下实际使用功率已经接近额定功率,那么模块标称的温度范围就必须严格满足实际需要甚至略有裕量。二是根据温度范围来选,如果由于成本考虑选择了较小温度范围的产品,但有时也有温度逼近极限的情况,怎么办呢?降额使用。即选择功率或封装更大一些的产品,这样“大马拉小车”,温升要低一些,能够从一定程度上缓解这一矛盾。降额比例随功率等级不同而不同,一般50W以上为 3~10W/℃。总之要么选择宽温度范围的产品,功率利用更充分,封装也更小一些,但价格较高;要么选择一般温度范围产品,价格低一些,功率裕量和封装形式就得大一些。应折衷考虑。
4.工作频率
一般而言工作频率越高,输出纹波噪声就更小,电源动态响应也更好,但是对元器件特别是磁性材料的要求也越高,成本会有增加,所以国内DC/DC模块电源产品开关频率多为在300kHz以下,甚至有的只有100kHz左右,这样就难以满足负载变条件下动态响应的要求,因此高要求场合应用要考虑采用高开关频率的产品。另外一方面当模块电源开关频率接近信号工作频率时容易引起差拍振荡,选用时也要考虑到这一点。鼎立信模块电源开关频率最高可达500kHz,具有优良的输出特性。
5.隔离电压
一般场合使用对模块电源隔离电压要求不是很高,但是更高的隔离电压可以保证模块电源具有更小的漏电流,更高的安全性和可靠性,并且EMC特性也更好一些,因此目前业界普遍的隔离电压水平为1500VDC以上。
6.故障保护功能
有关统计数据表明,模块电源在预期有效时间内失效的主要原因是外部故障条件下损坏。而正常使用失效的机率是很低的。因此延长模块电源寿命、提高系统可靠性的重要一环是选择保护功能完善的产品,即在模块电源外部电路出现故障时模块电源能够自动进入保护状态而不至于永久失效,外部故障消失后应能自动恢复正常。模块电源的保护功能应至少包括输入过压、欠压、软启动保护;输出过压、过流、短路保护,大功率产品还应有过温保护等。
7.功耗和效率
根据公式,其中Pin、Pout、P耗分别为模块电源输入、输出功率和自身功率损耗。由此可以看出,输出功率一定条件下,模块损耗P耗越小,则效率越高,温升就低,寿命更长。除了满载正常损耗外,还有两个损耗值得注意:空载损耗和短路损耗(输出短路时模块电源损耗),因为这两个损耗越小,表明模块效率越高,特别是短路未能及时采取措施的情况下,可能持续较长时间,短路损耗越小则因此失效的机率也大大减小。当然损耗越小也更符合节能的要求。
相同封装有不同功率,那么怎么选择封装形式呢?主要有三个方面:① 一定功率条件下体积要尽量小,这样才能给系统其他部分更多空间更多功能;② 尽量选择符合国际标准封装的产品,因为兼容性较好,不局限于一两个供货厂家;③ 应具有可扩展性,便于系统扩容和升级。选择一种封装,系统由于功能升级对电源功率的要求提高,电源模块封装依然不变,系统线路板设计可以不必改动,从而大大简化了产品升级更新换代,节约时间。以鼎立信公司大功率模块电源产品为例:全部符合国际标准,为业界广泛采用的半砖、全砖封装,与VICOR、 LAMBDA等著名品牌完全兼容,并且半砖产品功率范围覆盖50~200W,全砖产品覆盖100~300W。
3.温度范围与降额使用
Generally, the module power supply of manufacturers has several temperature range products available for selection: commercial grade, industrial grade, military grade, etc. When selecting the module power supply, you must consider the actual required operating temperature range, because the price of different temperature grades and different materials and manufacturing processes will vary greatly. Improper selection will also affect the use, so you have to consider it carefully. There are two selection methods: one is to select according to the use power and packaging form. If the actual use power is close to the rated power under the condition of a certain volume (packaging form), then the nominal temperature range of the module must strictly meet the actual needs or even have a slight margin. The second is to select according to the temperature range. If a product with a smaller temperature range is selected due to cost considerations, but sometimes the temperature is close to the limit, what should I do? Use it with reduced rating. That is, choose a product with larger power or packaging, so that the "big horse pulls a small cart" and the temperature rise is lower, which can alleviate this contradiction to a certain extent. The derating ratio varies with the power level, generally 3~10W/℃ for more than 50W. In short, either choose a product with a wide temperature range, which has more power utilization and a smaller package, but a higher price; or choose a product with a general temperature range, which has a lower price, but a larger power margin and package form. A compromise should be considered.
4. Operating frequency
Generally speaking, the higher the operating frequency, the smaller the output ripple noise, and the better the dynamic response of the power supply, but the higher the requirements for components, especially magnetic materials, and the cost will increase. Therefore, the switching frequency of domestic DC/DC module power supply products is mostly below 300kHz, and some are even only around 100kHz. This makes it difficult to meet the requirements of dynamic response under load variation conditions. Therefore, high switching frequency products should be considered for applications in high-demand occasions. On the other hand, when the switching frequency of the module power supply is close to the signal operating frequency, it is easy to cause beat oscillation, and this should also be considered when selecting. Dinglixin module power supply has a switching frequency of up to 500kHz and has excellent output characteristics.
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