1. From the hardware perspective, the CPU-based peripheral devices are integrated into the CPU chip. For example, in early computers based on the X86 architecture, the CPU only had the functions of an arithmetic unit and an accumulator, and all chips had to be expanded and implemented by building external bridges. Serial ports and the like were all implemented by external 16C550/2 serial port controller chips, but the current serial port controller chips have long been integrated into the CPU. PCs also have graphics cards, and most embedded processors have LCD controllers, but in a sense they are equivalent to graphics cards.
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