Metamaterials are a type of artificial electromagnetic materials that have extraordinary physical properties that natural materials do not have. Due to their inherent disadvantages such as high loss and narrow working bandwidth, their application research is severely limited, especially in the terahertz and light wave bands. Combining a metal microstructure unit with a certain nonlinear material (semiconductor, quantum junction, quantum well, etc.) to form a composite metamaterial, or changing the external excitation of the metamaterial (such as temperature, light excitation, electromagnetic field, etc.) can control its overall characteristics, offset material loss, and regulate its response intensity and spectrum range to electromagnetic waves. This paper summarizes the research progress and application of active metamaterials in various frequency bands.
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