001-01Download Chapter 1 Hardware and Software Foundations 1.1 Hardware Foundations An operating system must work closely with the hardware system on which it is based. An operating system requires specific services that only hardware can provide. To fully understand the Linux operating system, you need to understand the hardware foundations beneath it. This section will briefly introduce that hardware: the modern PC. When the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics magazine was printed with a diagram of an Altair 8080 machine on the cover, a \"revolution\" began. For only $397, home electronics enthusiasts could assemble an Altair 8080 named after a destination in the early movie \"Star Trek.\" Its Intel 8080 processor and 256 bytes of memory without a screen or keyboard seemed puny by today\'s standards. Its inventor, Ed. Roberts, coined the term \"personal computer\" to describe his new invention, but today the term PC is used to refer to almost any computer you can get your hands on without help. Even some of the more powerful Alpha AXP systems were PCs by this definition. Enthusiastic hackers saw the potential of the Altair and began writing software and building hardware for it. For these early pioneers, it represented freedom: freedom from running on giant batch-processing mainframe systems and being watched by the \"elite.\" Many college dropouts became rich overnight, fascinated by this new thing - a computer that could be placed on their kitchen table. Many hardware appeared, all different in some way, and software hackers were happy to write software for these new machines. However, IBM firmly built the model of the modern PC, which was released in 1981 and began to sell to customers in early 1982. It had an Intel 8088 processor, 64KB of memory (expandable to 256KB), two floppy disks, and a 25-line by 80-character color graphics adapter (CGA), which was still not very powerful by today\'s standards but sold very well. Then came the IBM PC-XT in 1983, with a \"luxury\" 10MB hard drive. Soon, many companies such as Compaq began to produce IBM PC compatible computers, ...
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