Optimizing VGA Output-Referred Noise and Gain in Ultrasound Receivers: Abstract: Variable-gain amplifiers (VGAs), sometimes called time-gain-controlled (TGC) amplifiers, are key components in phased-array ultrasound receivers. This article analyzes the impact of the VGA\'s output-referred noise and gain on the dynamic range and sensitivity of an ultrasonic pulse-Doppler instrument. It also analyzes how these parameters can be optimized using the MAX2037 octal ultrasound VGA to achieve the best overall performance of a typical receiver system. Phased-Array Receiver Overview Before we analyze the impact of these key VGA parameters on Doppler instrument performance, we first review the basic building blocks of a typical phased-array ultrasound receiver channel and how they work. For a more in-depth understanding of phased-array ultrasound receivers, see Appendix A—Phase-Array Ultrasound System Fundamentals. A typical receiver consists of an LNA, VGA, antialiasing filter, and ADC (see Figure 1). The LNA amplifies the 1MHz to 15MHz single-ended input signal from the transducer. The LNA has a gain of approximately 19dB and an active input impedance of 50Ω to 1kΩ, which can be optimally selected to match the transducer and maintain an ultra-low noise figure.
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