This book is a professional book that introduces semiconductor integrated circuit and device manufacturing technology, and enjoys a high reputation in the semiconductor field. [2] The scope of discussion in this book includes every stage of the semiconductor process: from the preparation of raw materials to packaging, testing and finished product transportation, as well as traditional and modern processes. The book provides detailed illustrations and examples, and each chapter contains a review summary and exercises, supplemented by a rich glossary. The sixth edition revised the new progress in the field of microchip manufacturing, discussed the advanced processes and cutting-edge technologies used for graphics, doping and thin film steps, and made the basic information of physics, chemistry and electronics implicit in the complex modern semiconductor manufacturing materials and processes easier to understand. The main feature of this book is that it avoids complex mathematical problems to introduce process technology content, and incorporates new achievements in the semiconductor industry, so that readers can understand the development trend of process technology. Chapter 1 Semiconductor Industry 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Birth of an Industry 1.3 The Solid-State Era 1.4 Integrated Circuits 1.5 Process and Product Trends 1.6 The Structure of the Semiconductor Industry 1.7 Production Phases 1.8 60 Years of Development of Microchip Manufacturing Processes 1.9 The Nano Era Exercises References Chapter 2 Properties of Semiconductor Materials and Chemicals 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Atomic Structure 2.3 The Periodic Table 2.4 Electrical Conduction [1] 2.5 Insulators and capacitors 2.6 Intrinsic semiconductors 2.7 Doped semiconductors 2.8 Electron and hole conduction 2.9 Materials for semiconductor production 2.10 Semiconductor compounds 2.11 Silicon germanium 2.12 Substrate engineering 2.13 Ferroelectric materials 2.14 Diamond semiconductors 2.15 Process chemicals 2.16 States of matter 2.17 Properties of matter 2.18 Pressure and vacuum 2.19 Acids, bases, and solvents 2.20 Chemical purification and cleaning Exercises References Chapter 3 Crystal Growth and Silicon Wafer Preparation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Semiconductor silicon preparation 3.3 Crystal materials 3.4 Crystal orientation 3.5 Crystal growth 3.6 Crystal and wafer quality 3.7 Wafer preparation 3.8 Slicing 3.9 Wafer marking 3.10 Grinding [1] 3.11 Chemical mechanical polishing 3.12 Backside processing 3.13 Double-sided polishing 3.14 Edge chamfering and polishing 3.15 Wafer evaluation 3.16 Oxidation 3.17 Packaging 3.18 Engineered wafers (substrates) Exercises References Chapter 4 Overview of Wafer Manufacturing and Packaging 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Objectives of Wafer Production 4.3 Wafer Terminology 4.4 Chip Terminology 4.5 Basic Processes of Wafer Production 4.6 Thin Film Processes 4.7 Wafer Manufacturing Examples 4.8 In-wafer Testing 4.9 Integrated Circuit Packaging 4.10 Summary Exercises References Chapter 5 Contamination Control 5.1 Introduction [1] 5.2 Sources of Contamination 5.3 Construction of Cleanrooms 5.4 Materials and Supplies in Cleanrooms 5.5 Maintenance of Cleanrooms 5.6 Wafer Surface Cleaning Exercises References Chapter 6 Throughput and Process Yield 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Yield Measurement Points 6.3 Cumulative Wafer Production Yield 6.4 Factors that Limit Wafer Production Yield 6.5 Packaging and Final Test Yield 6.6 Overall Process Yield Exercises References Chapter 7 Oxidation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Purpose of Silicon Dioxide Layers 7.3 Thermal Oxidation Mechanism 7.4 Oxidation Process 7.5 Post-Oxidation Evaluation Exercises References Chapter 8 The Ten-Step Patterning Process Flow—From Surface Preparation to Exposure [1] 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Overview of Photolithography 8.3 The Ten-Step Photolithography Process 8.4 Basic Photoresist Chemistry 8.5 Elements of Photoresist Performance 8.6 Physical Properties of Photoresists 8.7 Photolithography: From Surface Preparation to Exposure 8.8 Surface Preparation 8.9 Photoresist Coating (Spin-On) 8.10 Soft bake 8.11 Alignment and exposure 8.12 Advanced photolithography Exercises References Chapter 9 Ten-step patterning process flow - from development to final inspection 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Hard bake 9.3 Etching 9.4 Wet etching 9.5 Dry etching 9.6 The influence of photoresist in dry etching 9.7 Photoresist removal 9.8 New challenges of photoresist removal 9.9 Final visual inspection 9.10 Mask preparation 9.11 Summary Exercises References Chapter 10 Next-generation photolithography technology 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Challenges of next-generation photolithography 10.3 Other exposure issues [1] 10.4 Other solutions and their challenges 10.5 Wafer surface issues 10.6 Anti-reflective coatings 10.7 Advanced photoresist processes 10.8 Improved etching processes 10.9 Self-aligned structures 10.10 Etch profile control Exercises References Chapter 11 Doping 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The concept of diffusion 11.3 Doped regions and junctions formed by diffusion 11.4 Steps in the diffusion process 11.5 Deposition 11.6 Push-in oxidation 11.7 Introduction to ion implantation 11.8 The concept of ion implantation 11.9 Ion implantation systems 11.10 Impurity concentration in the ion implantation area 11.11 Evaluation of ion implantation layers 11.12 Applications of ion implantation 11.13 Prospects for doping Exercises References Chapter 12 Thin film deposition 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Basics of chemical vapor deposition 12.3 Process steps of CVD 12.4 Classification of CVD systems 12.5 Atmospheric pressure CVD system [1] 12.6 Low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) 12.7 Atomic Layer Deposition 12.8 Vapor Phase Epitaxy 12.9 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 12.10 Metal Organic CVD 12.11 Deposited Films 12.12 Deposited Semiconductor Films 12.13 Epitaxial Silicon 12.14 Polycrystalline Silicon and Amorphous Silicon Deposition 12.15 SOS and SOI 12.16 Gallium Arsenide Growth on Silicon 12.17 Insulators and Dielectrics 12.18 Conductors Exercises References Chapter 13 Metallization 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Deposition Methods 13.3 Monolayer Metals [1] 13.4 Multilayer Metal Design 13.5 Conductor Materials 13.6 Metal Plugs 13.7 Sputtering Deposition 13.8 Electrochemical Plating 13.9 Chemical Mechanical Processing 13.10 CVD Metal Deposition 13.11 Applications of Metal Thin Films 13.12 Vacuum Systems Exercises References Chapter 14 Process and Device Evaluation 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Electrical Characterization of Wafers 14.3 Process and Device Evaluation 14.4 Physical Test Methods 14.5 Layer Thickness Measurement 14.6 Electrical Measurement of Gate Oxide Integrity 14.7 Junction Depth 14.8 Contamination and Defect Detection 14.9 Overall Surface Characteristics 14.10 Contamination Identification 14.11 Device Electrical Measurement Exercises References Chapter 15 Business Factors in Wafer Manufacturing 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Cost of Wafer Manufacturing [1] 15.3 Automation 15.4 Factory-Level Automation 15.5 Equipment Standards 15.6 Statistical Process Control 15.7 Inventory Control 15.8 Quality Control and ISO 9000 Certification 15.9 Production Line Organization Exercises References Chapter 16 Introduction to Device Formation and Integrated Circuits 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Formation of Semiconductor Devices 16.3 Challenges of Scaling Replaceable MOSFETs 16.4 Formation of Integrated Circuits 16.5 BiMOS [1] 16.6 Superconductors Exercises References Chapter 17 Introduction to Integrated Circuits 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Circuit Basics 17.3 Types of Integrated Circuits 17.4 Next Generation Products Exercises References Chapter 18 Packaging 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Chip Characteristics 18.3 Package Function and Design 18.4 Wire Bonding Process 18.5 Example of Bumping or Solder Balling Process 18.6 Package Design 18.7 Package Types and Technologies Summary Exercises References Glossary
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