How Battery Management Electronics Enhance Battery Safety Building safe and reliable products for battery-powered systems is critical for lithium-ion battery pack manufacturers. Battery management circuits in battery packs monitor the operating status of lithium-ion cells, including battery impedance, temperature, cell voltage, charge and discharge current, and charge status, to provide the system with detailed information about remaining operating time and battery health, ensuring that the system makes the right decisions. In addition, to improve battery safety, even if only one fault occurs, such as overcurrent, short circuit, cell and battery pack overvoltage, overtemperature, etc., the system will turn off the two back-to-back protection MOSFETs in series with the lithium-ion battery to disconnect the battery cell. The battery management unit (BMU) based on impedance tracking technology monitors cell impedance and voltage imbalance throughout the battery life cycle and has the potential to detect micro-shorts in the battery to prevent the battery cell from causing fire or even explosion. Excessive operating temperature will accelerate battery aging and may cause thermal run-away and explosion of lithium-ion battery packs. This is of great concern for the highly active energetic materials in lithium-ion batteries. Overcharging with high current and short circuiting can cause the battery temperature to rise rapidly. During overcharging of lithium-ion batteries, active metallic lithium is deposited at the positive electrode of the battery, which greatly increases the risk of explosion because the lithium will react with a variety of materials, including the electrolyte and cathode materials. For example, the lithium/carbon intercalated compound reacts with water and releases hydrogen, which may be ignited by the exothermic reaction. Cathode materials, such as LiCoO2, will also begin to react with the electrolyte when the temperature exceeds the thermal runaway temperature limit of 175°C (4.3V cell voltage). Lithium-ion batteries use very thin microporous film materials, such as polyolefins, for electronic isolation between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery because such materials have excellent mechanical properties, chemical stability and acceptable price.
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