Holtek-HT48 Microcomputer Constant Pulse Generator A complete microcomputer control system consists of two parts: hardware and software. The hardware consists of physical components and all related peripherals, while the software is written to enable the microcomputer system to operate as needed. Before learning about single-chip microcomputer controllers, one should first understand the basic architecture of traditional microcomputer systems. The components of a microcomputer control system include important parts such as ALU, CU, Memory, IU and OU. If all these five basic units are made into one chip, this chip is called a single-chip microcontroller. Since the basic components of the controller are made into the same chip, it is very convenient to use and more economical in cost. Therefore, it has quickly become popular and used in the industry. It is currently mainly used in automation control, mechatronics, commercial products and consumer products. At present, the common single chips in the domestic market include Intel\'s 8048, 8051 and 80C196, Zilog\'s Z86HCXX, Microchip\'s PIC, Elan\'s EM78XX series and Holtek\'s HT46, HT47, HT48, HT49 series. Among the numerous brands and numbers, single chips can be divided into two types: CISC and RISC. The so-called CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) is a microcomputer with a complex instruction set architecture, while RISC (Reduce Instruction Set Computer) is a microcomputer with a reduced instruction set architecture. In addition to the difference in the structure and number of instructions, the biggest difference between the two is the different design methods and technologies of the control unit (CU). The control unit of the single chip with CISC architecture is designed and manufactured using the microprogramming method, while the RISC architecture adopts the hardwired method. In other words, if the control signal inside the chip is generated using traditional logic hardware circuits, this control unit is called fixed-line, and the chip designed in this way is called a RISC architecture chip; if the internal control signal or operation timing is converted into software instructions and stored in the control unit\'s memory, this control unit is called a microprogram, and the chip designed with this microprogram composed of countless microinstructions in the control memory is called a CISC architecture chip.
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