ISA Bus Signal Timing Introduction: 1.0 ISA Overview 2.0 ISA Literature 2.1 ISA Specifications 2.2 ISA Books 3.0 ISA Structure 4.0 PC/104 Structure 5.0 ISA Signal Description 6.0 ISA Timing Diagram 7.0 ISA Signal Usage 8.0 ISA Connector Pinout 9.0 PC/104 Bus Connector Pinout The ISA bus, or Industry Standard Architecture, originated in the early 1980s at IBM\'s Boca Raton, Florida, research and development laboratory. IBM introduced its personal computer in 1981, which included an 8-bit ISA bus. In 1984, IBM introduced the PC-AT, which was the first ISA bus to fully implement a 16-bit structure. The AT bus, originally named by IBM, was first documented in The PC-AT Technical Reference Manual published by IBM. Reference. This book includes diagrams and BIOS listings, so other companies like Compaq can easily produce IBM-compatible products. Since IBM protected \"AT bus\" as a trademark, other companies that produced IBM-compatible products could not use the name AT bus. As a result, people in the industry created ISA as a new name for this bus. This name was eventually adopted by all companies, including IBM. Although The PC-AT Technical Reference contains detailed diagrams and BIOS listings, it does not become a good bus specification because it does not include strict timing specifications and other necessary conditions. As a result, various implementations of ISA caused compatibility problems between some products. In order to alleviate the problems caused by compatibility, many ISA bus specifications have been formed, but unfortunately, these specifications are not the same. So far, no completely unified ISA bus specification has been produced.
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