In recent years, we often have such experience in life - the tripping of circuit breakers has increased, but when the clamp meter is used to measure the loop current, it is found that the current does not exceed the setting value of the circuit breaker. It turns out that this is the circuit overload caused by harmonic current that causes the circuit breaker to trip. With the continuous improvement of my country\'s electricity consumption level, various new electrical appliances have entered industrial and commercial buildings and residences in large quantities. Many of these electrical appliances are non-linear loads. They can generate high-order harmonics of various orders, which can cause transformers, motors, etc. to heat up and reduce their output rate. They can also cause the circuit overload to heat up, the circuit breaker to trip frequently, and even cause fires. Harmonics can be generated inside electrical devices or from public power grids polluted by other users. It can harm the electrical device itself and other users through the conduction of the power grid. This article only intends to discuss the circuit overload problem and fire hazard caused by harmonics. Keywords: electrical circuit harmonic overload fire hazard prevention In recent years, we often have such experience in life - the tripping of circuit breakers has increased, but when the clamp meter is used to measure the loop current, it is found that the current does not exceed the setting value of the circuit breaker. It turns out that this is the circuit overload caused by harmonic current that causes the circuit breaker to trip. With the continuous improvement of my country\'s electricity consumption level, various new types of electrical appliances have entered industrial and commercial buildings and residences in large numbers. Many of these electrical appliances are nonlinear loads, which can generate various high-order harmonics, which can cause transformers, motors, etc. to heat up and reduce their output rate. They can also cause circuit overload and heat up, frequent tripping of circuit breakers, and even cause fires. Harmonics can be generated inside electrical devices or from public power grids polluted by other users. It can harm the electrical device itself and other users through the conduction of the power grid. This article only intends to discuss the circuit overload problem and fire hazard caused by harmonics. 1. Linear load and nonlinear load In terms of the generation of harmonics, electrical loads are divided into linear loads and nonlinear loads. If a sinusoidal voltage is applied to a load, the waveform of its load current is still a sinusoidal waveform without distortion, and its load line is a straight line, as shown in Figure 1, then this load is called a linear load, such as incandescent lamps, resistance furnaces, and non-magnetically saturated motors. If a positive voltage is applied to an electrical load, the waveform of the load current is distorted due to the presence of multiple harmonic current components. It is no longer a sine wave waveform, and its load line is not a straight line but a curve, as shown in Figure 2. This load is called a nonlinear load, such as gas discharge lamps, microwave ovens, computers, variable frequency speed control equipment and other loads. The grid voltage is almost a pure sine wave waveform. For the sake of convenience, it is assumed to be a sine wave, and a typical electrical device schematic diagram shown in Figure 3 is used as an example to illustrate the relationship between harmonic current and harmonic voltage. The device in the figure contains linear loads and nonlinear loads, and the impedance of the power supply line is represented by the two impedances shown in the figure, which include the impedance in the electrical device (this is the main impedance) and the impedance of the public power grid. When the sine wave voltage of the current is applied to the nonlinear load, its current waveform is distorted as shown in the figure. When this waveform-distorted current flows through the impedance of the current line, a waveform-distorted voltage drop containing harmonic components will be generated on the impedance, causing the voltage waveform at the load end to be distorted. When this waveform-distorted voltage is applied to a linear load, the current waveform of this load is also distorted like the voltage waveform. In this way, the current waveform and voltage waveform in the electrical device are mutually causal, and both are distorted and carry various harmonics. When the harmonic content is too large, various hazards will occur. As can be seen from Figure 3, the greater the impedance of the power supply line, the greater the harmonic voltage drop, and the greater the content of harmonic voltage and harmonic current in the electrical device. Reducing the impedance of the current line can reduce the harmonic content in the electrical device. At present, the lines in the electrical device mainly use cables, pipe conductors or closed bus ducts. The reactance in the impedance is difficult to reduce further, and the resistance can only be reduced. In the design, we often appropriately enlarge the conductor surface to reduce line heating, extend insulation life and improve voltage quality. From the above analysis, it can be seen that this is also beneficial to reducing the impedance of the current line and thus reducing harmonic hazards. When a conductor with a resistance of R passes through a current I, I2R heating is generated. This I is the effective current or root mean square current. If there are multiple harmonic currents in addition to the fundamental wave (50Hz) current in the electrical circuit, the conductor will increase the I2R heating of these harmonics. When the content of these harmonics is too large, it will cause the circuit to overload and the circuit breaker to trip. This overload current cannot be measured with a general electromagnetic ammeter. This is because the electromagnetic ammeter deflects according to the average value of the current, while the detection element of the circuit breaker operates according to the effective value of the current. When the current waveform is sinusoidal, there is a fixed ratio between the average value and the effective value of the current. The ammeter can correctly reflect the effective value of the current. When the current waveform is distorted, this ratio is no longer the value of the original sinusoidal waveform. It changes with the waveform. The deflection angle of the general electromagnetic ammeter is too small to detect the overload of the circuit. For this reason, an ammeter that can measure the effective value of the current according to the thermal effect is currently used. It is called a true effective value ammeter. The circuit breaker is activated by harmonic current, which means that it effectively plays the role of overload protection. However, people often mistakenly believe that the current of the circuit breaker and the watt-hour meter is too small. They only change the circuit breaker and the watt-hour meter without increasing the wire load area. The result is that the circuit is overloaded and the protective device does not work, which will naturally damage the insulation and eventually lead to electrical short circuit accidents or even fires. Harmonics can increase the line current and overload, but the greatest overload danger is the neutral line overload danger caused by the third and odd harmonic currents of the three-phase four-wire circuit. Figure 4 shows the current waveforms of the fundamental wave (50Hz) and the third harmonic (150Hz) of the phase line and the neutral line in a three-phase four-wire circuit. Assuming that the three-phase currents are equal, because the fundamental phase angle difference is 120 degrees, its vector sum on the neutral line is zero. However, the third harmonic currents of each phase are in the same phase on the neutral line. They do not cancel each other but superimpose each other as shown in the figure (the same is true for its odd harmonic currents, which are not shown in the figure). In this way, the neutral line current is no longer zero. When the third harmonic current and its odd multiple harmonic current content are large, the neutral line current can be equal to or even greatly exceed the phase line current. Some electrical circuits in my country follow the old concept of the past. The cross-section of the neutral line is taken as one-half or one-third of the cross-section of the phase line. With the increasing number of non-linear loads, especially the large-scale use of non-linear loads such as gas discharge lamps that can generate a large number of third harmonics, serious overload of the neutral line will be inevitable. In the electrical fire safety inspection in my country, the neutral line current is greater than the phase line current, and its unified organization deteriorates and even the hidden danger of color is common. Electrical fires caused by this are heard from time to time. This electrical hazard cannot be taken lightly. my country\'s national standard for current carrying capacity equivalent to the International Electrotechnical Standard (IEC standard) has passed the review, but has not yet been promulgated. The current carrying capacity provided in the current manuals and materials is larger than the current carrying capacity of the IEC standard, which is not safe enough. The provisions of my country\'s regulations on harmonic overload protection are not specific enough. The following is an introduction based on the provisions of the IEC current carrying capacity standard. In the IEC current carrying capacity standard, when a three-phase four-wire circuit uses multi-core cables or conduit conductors, regardless of whether the number of conductors is four or five (one of which is PE), the heat generation and current carrying capacity are considered as three loaded phase lines. This is true when the three-phase current is balanced, and it is also true when the three-phase current is unbalanced. This is because when the three-phase currents are equal, the underheating of the smaller current phase can offset the heat generation on the neutral line, that is, it treats a circuit as a heating whole. In this way, the current carrying capacity of the circuit can be calibrated according to the heat generation of the three loaded phase lines. In a three-phase current balanced but third harmonic current circuit, the fixed phase line increases heat due to the harmonic current, and the neutral line often generates more heat due to the superposition of the harmonic current. At this time, there is no underheating on the phase line to offset the heating of the neutral line. The heating on the neutral line is purely additional heating. For this reason, a reduction factor should be considered to not increase the load area and current carrying capacity of the circuit. The value is shown in Table 1: When the conductors of the three-phase four-wire circuit are laid openly in the air at intervals, the heat can dissipate freely, and there is no problem of mutually offsetting heating. Its current carrying capacity is not calibrated according to the heating of the entire circuit but according to the heating of a single conductor. There is no need to consider the reduction factor for circuits with harmonic currents. The following two examples are given to illustrate the cross-sectional selection of piped conductors and openly laid conductors when there is a third harmonic current in the circuit. The conductors are all copper core PVC insulated, with an operating temperature of 70 degrees Celsius and an ambient temperature of 30 degrees Celsius. The conductors in pipes are installed concealed in general non-thermal insulation walls, while the exposed conductors are laid horizontally on the wall with insulators. According to the IEC current-carrying standard, the current-carrying capacity of these two laying methods is shown in Table 2: It needs to be explained again that the current-carrying capacity of the three-phase circuit in pipes in Table 2 is calibrated only according to the heating of the three phase lines with the same load current in the circuit, as mentioned above, and the heating of the neutral line current is not taken into account.Example 1: A building introduces a three-phase four-wire circuit from the outdoors through a pipe and conceals it in a general non-insulated wall to the main distribution box. The three-phase current is basically balanced, the current is 60A, and the conductor cross-section is 3×16+1×10mm2 when there is no harmonic current. Try to determine the conductor cross-section when the third harmonic current is 20%, 40%, and 60% (the harmonic current percentage is provided by the electrical equipment manufacturer). 1. When the harmonic current is 20%, not only the phase line current increases, but the neutral line current also increases from close to zero ampere to: IN =60×0.2×3=36A According to Table 1, when the harmonic current content is 20%, the reduction coefficient of 0.86 should be taken according to the original phase line current, and the comprehensive design load current of the circuit is: I=60÷0.86=70A Based on this, select a 4×25 mm2 conductor according to Table 2. 2. When the harmonic current is 40%, the circuit section should be determined according to the neutral current according to the table. The current neutral current is: IN=60×0.4×3=72A. Still according to Table 1, take a reduction factor of 0.86, and the comprehensive load current of the circuit is: I=72÷0.86=83.7A. According to Table 2, select a 4×25 mm2 conductor. 3. When the harmonic current is 60%, the neutral current should also be taken as a reduction factor of 1. The current neutral current is: IN=60×0.6×3=108A. The comprehensive design load current is 108A. Therefore, select a 4×35mm2 conductor. Example 2: Same as the above example, but the load current is 275A. The laying method is to insulate the wire on the wall. When there is no harmonic current, the wire load area is 3×95+1×50 mm2. According to the IEC current-carrying capacity standard, when the gap between the line and the adjacent objects is greater than 0.3 times the outer diameter of a multi-core cable or one times the outer diameter of a single-core cable (conductor), the current-carrying capacity of the cable (conductor) can be taken as the current-carrying capacity when laid in free air where the heat generated by the conductor can be dissipated unimpeded. This current-carrying capacity is the current-carrying capacity for laying on the wall in Table 2. In this way, the current carrying surface can be selected according to the current passing through the conductor, without having to regard the circuit as a unified heating entity, or taking the reduction coefficient into account in the current calculation to select the current carrying surface. 1. When the harmonic current is 20%, the phase line current is IN=275×0.2×3=165A, and the cross-section is still 3×95+1×50 mm2 according to Table 2. 2. When the harmonic current is 40%, the phase line current is IN=275×0.4×3=330A, and the cross-section is 3×95+1×120mm2; 3. When the harmonic current is 60%, the phase line current is IN=275×0.6×3=495A, and the cross-section is 3×120+1×240mm2, that is, the cross-sections of the phase and neutral lines are increased to varying degrees. It should be noted that in the above two examples, if there is an odd-numbered third harmonic current, and its content exceeds 10%; or if there is a three-phase unbalanced current, and its unbalance degree is greater than 50%, it is necessary to increase the conductor cross-section as appropriate.
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