This book aims to introduce the basic principles and methods of wireless sensor networks, fully introduce its wide range of application scenarios and typical application examples in both military and civilian fields, focus on basic concepts and basic knowledge, and strive to be easy to understand with pictures and texts. This book is suitable as a textbook for undergraduate students in ordinary colleges and universities to study wireless sensor networks, or as an introductory tutorial book for beginners. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks 1 1.1.1 Internet of Things 2 1.1.2 Wireless Sensor Networks 4 1.2 Structure and Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks 5 1.2.1 Structure of Wireless Sensor Networks 5 1.2.2 Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks 12 1.3 Analysis of Key Technologies of Wireless Sensor Networks 14 1.3.1 Basic Services 14 1.3.2 Network and Communication 17 1.3.3 Fault Diagnosis 18 1.4 Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks 19 1.4.1 Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in the Military Field 19 1.4.2 Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in the Civilian Field 21 Exercises 23 Chapter 2 Physical Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 25 2.1 Overview of the Physical Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 25 2.1.1 Basic Concepts of the Physical Layer 25 2.1.2 Physical Layer Protocols 28 2.2 Key Technologies of the Physical Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 30 2.2.1 Frequency Band Selection 30 2.2.2 Channel Coding 32 2.2.3 Modulation and Demodulation Technology 37 2.2.4 Spread Spectrum Technology 41 2.3 Physical Layer Modulation and Demodulation Methods and Coding Methods 44 2.3.1 Differential Pulse Position Modulation Mechanism 45 2.3.2 Adaptive Coding and Modulation Technology 46 Exercises 51 Chapter 3 Data Link Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 53 3.1 Overview of Data Link Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 53 3.1.1 Functions of Data Link Layer 53 3.1.2 Main Research Contents of Data Link Layer 55 3.1.3 Key Issues of Data Link Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 55 3.2 Overview of MAC Protocol 57 3.2.1 Basics of MAC Protocol 58 3.2.2 Contention-based MAC Protocol 67 3.2.3 Allocation-based MAC Protocol 73 3.2.4 Hybrid MAC Protocol 76 3.2.5 Cross-layer MAC Protocol 77 Exercises 79 Chapter 4 Network Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 81 4.1 Overview of the Network Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 81 4.1.1 Introduction to Routing Process and Functions 82 4.1.2 Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks and Classification of Routing Protocols 82 4.2 Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks 85 4.2.1 Data-based Routing Protocols 85 4.2.2 Routing Protocols Based on Cluster Structure 90 4.2.3 Routing Protocols Based on Geographic Location Information 94 Exercises 100 Chapter 5 Transport Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 103 5.1 Overview of the Transport Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 103 5.1.1 Introduction to the Transport Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 103 5.1.2 Key Technologies of the Transport Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 106 5.1.3 Classification of Transport Layer Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks 108 5.1.4 Cross-layer Design of the Transport Layer of Wireless Sensor Networks 118 5.2 Wireless Sensor Grid System 119 5.2.1 Framework for Combining Wireless Sensor Networks and Grids 119 5.2.2 Architecture of Wireless Sensor Grid System 120 5.2.3 5.3 MPAS Design 124 Exercises 128 Chapter 6 Communication Standards for Wireless Sensor Networks 129 6.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Standard 129 6.1.1 Introduction to IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol 130 6.1.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol Stack 132 6.2 ZigBee Standard 135 6.2.1 Network Layer Specification 136 6.2.2 Application Layer Specification 137 6.3 RFID Standard 140 6.3.1 Specific Content of RFID Standard 140 6.3.2 Introduction to Major RFID Technical Standards 141 6.3.3 RFID Air Interface Protocol 144 6.4 Bluetooth Technology 147 6.4.1 Bluetooth Core Protocol 147 6.4.2 Bluetooth Advantages 151 6.5 UWB Technology 152 7.2.1 Ranging technology 161 7.2.2 Trilateral positioning technology 164 7.2.3 Triangulation positioning technology 165 7.2.4 Maximum likelihood estimation positioning technology 166 7.2.5 Performance comparison of ranging positioning algorithms 168 7.3 Non-ranging positioning technology 170 7.3.1 Basic principles 170 7.3.2 Typical algorithms 171 7.3.3 7.4 Collaborative Positioning Technology 178 7.4.1 Overview of Rigid Body Theory 181 7.4.2 Definition of Collaborative Body 182 7.4.3 Principle of Collaborative Positioning 184 Exercises 185 Chapter 8 Time Synchronization Technology 187 8.1 Overview of Time Synchronization Technology 187 8.1.1 Application Scenarios 187 8.1.2 Design of Time Synchronization 188 8.1.3 Classification of Synchronization Protocols 189 8.1.4 Time Synchronization Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks 190 8.2 Clock Model and Composition of Time Transmission Delay 192 8.2.1 Clock Model 192 8.2.2 Composition of Time Transmission Delay 194 8.3 Basic Principles of Time Synchronization 195 8.3.1 Key Factors Affecting Time Synchronization 195 8.3.2 Basic Principles of Sensor Node Clocks 196 8.4 Several Classic Time Synchronization Algorithms 198 8.4.1 RBS synchronization algorithm 198 8.4.2 TPSN synchronization algorithm 200 8.4.3 DMTS synchronization mechanism 201 8.4.4 FTSP 202 8.4.5 LTS synchronization mechanism 204 8.4.6 Collaborative synchronization 205 8.5 Challenges of time synchronization 207 Exercises 207 Chapter 9 Wireless Sensor Network Applications 209 9.1 Overview 209 9.2 Application scenarios of wireless sensor networks 210 9.2.1 Coverage perception model of wireless sensor networks 210 9.2.2 Classification of coverage algorithms of wireless sensor networks 212 9.2.3 Coverage algorithms and protocols of wireless sensor networks 213 9.3 Application technologies of wireless sensor networks 216 9.3.1 Main contents of node deployment 216 9.3.2 Evaluation criteria for node deployment 217 9.3.3 Classification of node deployment 219 9.4 Analysis of wireless sensor network application examples 222 9.4.1 Military Wireless Sensor Network Applications 223 9.4.2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Network Applications 224 9.4.3 Typical Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in Other Fields 227 Exercises 231 References 233
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