The original StanfordCart The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the United States has officially proposed a classification system for autonomous driving. The one we are most familiar with is the one proposed in 2016. According to the driver's participation in vehicle driving behavior, autonomous driving is divided into 6 levels from L0 to L5, a total of 6 levels.
Autonomous driving classification | name | definition | Driving Operation | Peripheral monitoring | take over | Application Scenario |
L0 | Manual driving | The vehicle is fully driven by a human driver | Human Driver | Human Driver | Human Driver | none |
L1 | Assisted Driving | The vehicle provides driving assistance for one of the following operations: steering and acceleration/deceleration, while the human driver is responsible for the rest of the driving actions. | Human drivers and vehicles | Human Driver | Human Driver | Limited scene |
L2 | Partially automated driving | The vehicle provides driving for multiple operations such as steering and acceleration and deceleration, and the human driver is responsible for the rest of the driving actions. | vehicle | Human Driver | Human Driver | |
L3 | Conditional autonomous driving | The vehicle performs most of the driving operations, and the human driver needs to stay focused in case of emergency | vehicle | vehicle | Human Driver | |
L4 | Highly automated driving | The vehicle performs all driving operations, and the human driver does not need to stay focused, but the road and environmental conditions are limited. | vehicle | vehicle | vehicle | |
L5 | Fully autonomous driving | The vehicle performs all driving operations, and the human driver does not need to stay focused | vehicle | vehicle | vehicle | All scenes |
L0: This is the stage without autonomous driving. The driver needs to master all mechanical and physical functions of the vehicle. It is only equipped with auxiliary functions unrelated to active driving, such as alarm devices. At this level, the driver controls all aspects of vehicle driving.
L1: The assisted driving stage. At this time, the vehicle will be equipped with assisted driving functions such as anti-lock braking. These functions can regulate the vehicle's speed and steering wheel in some scenarios. The driver still controls all aspects of the vehicle driving.
L2: The partial autonomous driving stage. At this time, the car is still mainly controlled by the driver, but the advanced assisted driving can control some driving behaviors in some scenarios. At this stage, functions such as automatic following, blind spot detection, and cruise control begin to become popular, and the driver's driving burden can be significantly reduced.
L3: This is the conditional autonomous driving stage. At this time, the vehicle can achieve conditional autonomous driving, but the driver must detect road conditions at all times and be prepared to control the vehicle at any time. In this stage, the vehicle can achieve autonomous driving in environments with single driving scenes and few driving operations, such as highways. Now many vehicles have reached this stage and are gradually working towards the L4 level.
L4: This is the highly automated driving stage. When conditions permit, the driver can turn on the vehicle's automated driving. At this time, the driver does not need to be ready to intervene in the driving behavior at any time. The vehicle can complete the driving behavior autonomously according to the set road and provide the best driving plan for passengers. If the vehicle cannot complete the driving autonomously, the driver can be reminded in time and given sufficient time to take over the vehicle.
L5: This is the fully automatic driving stage. At this point, the vehicle can fully realize automatic driving behavior under any road conditions without any intervention from the driver. At this point, the safety of automatic driving has completely surpassed that of the driver driving the vehicle. At this time, the vehicle can automatically realize vehicle deployment without anyone on board to meet human travel needs and improve the traffic environment.
According to the classification of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the United States, autonomous driving technology should be gradual and there should be a transition process. Before the full autonomous driving stage is achieved, the driver's participation in the driving process is essential. The current autonomous driving technology is mainly at the L2 level, and the L3 level can be achieved in some scenarios. The emergence of advanced driver assistance systems allows vehicles to independently complete driving behaviors in many scenarios, but as the application of advanced driver assistance systems becomes more and more popular, the disadvantages are gradually emerging.
On August 12, 2021, a NIO owner died in a traffic accident while using the NIO's autonomous driving function (NOP pilot mode). This incident has once again put autonomous driving at the center of public attention. It is understood that the NOP function on NIO cars can only achieve autonomous driving close to L2, and in some scenarios can achieve L3 level autonomous driving, but it cannot reach L5 or even L4 level autonomous driving.
Accident scene map Now, many car companies, in order to gain more attention, will exaggerate the equipped autonomous driving functions when promoting the vehicle's autonomous driving function, giving consumers the wrong psychological hints and creating the illusion that the era of autonomous driving has arrived. Even though some car companies have explained in their publicity that the driver needs to observe the road conditions in time when using the autonomous driving function, more people use the autonomous driving function with a try-it attitude. After using the autonomous driving function many times, they have enough trust in the immature autonomous driving, and thus forget the warning to observe the road conditions at any time, resulting in the inability to control the vehicle in time when danger occurs, causing accidents. For this phenomenon, skipping L4, or even L3, is a feasible solution. The skipping here does not mean not to study L3 and L4 autonomous driving directly, but not to commercialize L3 and L4 autonomous driving, which only appears when the main car manufacturers conduct experiments. The research on autonomous driving must be a gradual process, and the transition period of L3 and L4 is indispensable, but L3 and L4 autonomous driving is not mature, and in L3 and L4 autonomous driving, the driver still needs to bear part of the driving behavior and still plays a very important role. However, when the driver enters the vehicle and turns on L3 and L4 autonomous driving, there will be a cognitive bias, that is, the vehicle can already achieve autonomous driving, and the possibility of an accident is very small, so there will be enough trust in the autonomous driving system and no longer complete the task of monitoring road conditions. This is a very dangerous behavior. Many car companies now remind drivers to pay attention to road conditions at all times when promoting autonomous driving functions. However, when conducting advertising, they may potentially weaken this reminder and instead focus on introducing the advanced nature of the autonomous driving function. Even if they inform car owners that the autonomous driving function has not yet reached L5 level autonomous driving and that drivers are required to pay attention to road conditions at all times, there are still many people who are in a free state when using the autonomous driving function, and there is no guarantee that all car users can use the autonomous driving function as required at any time. Preventing L3 and L4 level autonomous driving from entering commercialization may effectively prevent consumers from mistakenly using immature autonomous driving functions. Autonomous driving is the trend of automobile development. Everyone is hopeful and looking forward to the arrival of the era of fully autonomous driving. However, the development of technology matures gradually, and the same is true for autonomous driving. In the transitional stage when autonomous driving is not yet mature, commercializing it is undoubtedly planting a bomb that may bring danger at any time. Whether L3 and L4 autonomous driving can be commercialized is also a question that needs to be discussed. The development of autonomous driving also requires sufficient data testing. It is difficult to meet the data requirements by relying solely on the main car manufacturers' own testing. As cars transform from means of transportation to entertainment hardware devices, consumers are more willing to try new technologies, which will also bring certain benefits to the main car manufacturers, thereby conducting subsequent technological research and development. The installation of new technologies can also effectively promote the soft power of the main car manufacturers' technologies. Domestic new car manufacturers are also more willing to install new technologies on cars. This is why the main car manufacturers are now eager to commercialize new technologies. Autonomous driving technology is different from other black technologies. Autonomous driving is related to everyone's travel safety. If something goes wrong, it may affect more than just one person. As a major car manufacturer, the research and development and commercialization of autonomous driving need to be more cautious. Only when it is safe enough can it be put into commercial use, and when promoting it, consumers should be informed of relevant precautions in a timely manner. As a consumer, when using the current autonomous driving function, you also need to keep in mind the usage recommendations when buying a car, pay attention to road conditions at all times, and stay vigilant. It's okay to try new things, but don't be greedy.
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