STM32F103: When is multiplexed IO (AFIO) needed?-EEWORLD

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I just came into contact with STM32F103. When I tried to write "button interrupt" and "PWM breathing light" programs, I found that the routines all used pin multiplexing AFIO:

//Open pin multiplexing AFIORCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_AFIO,ENABLE);12

When I wrote the "232USART serial communication" program, I wrote the above code very confidently, but found that there was no such sentence in the routine, which was very confusing... After checking a lot of information and adding my own understanding, I found that there is still some content worth summarizing about the use of AFIO.

When is RCC_APB2Periph_AFIO needed? - Use of multiplexed IO clocks - gtkknd
This is also a good point. It is easy for beginners to forget to turn on AFIO and the corresponding pins, but it is not clear when to turn it on. In fact, AFIO needs to be turned on when remapping.
Later, I found a great guy who called himself a rookie. In his article ( Learning STM32 (2) - IO-AFIO (multiplexing function IO and debugging configuration) ), he explained this issue very clearly:

Conclusion:

Sometimes I find that what others say is a bit confusing and I can’t understand it at all. Only when I understand it thoroughly do I realize that what they say is so organized and accurate!

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