Teach you how to use the oscilloscope probe (calibration, clips and wiring)

　　The simplest probe is a wire that connects the circuit under test to the input of the electronic oscilloscope. Complex probes are composed of resistors, capacitors and active devices. Simple probes are not shielded and are easily interfered by external electromagnetic fields. In addition, their equivalent capacitance is large, which increases the load on the circuit under test and distorts the measured signal.

　　1. Probes are usually packaged in pairs. Since current oscilloscopes have more than two channels, in order to distinguish the probes when measuring two channels at the same time, each probe is marked with a distinguishing color, such as a color ring.

　　2. After getting the probe, you need to calibrate it first. What kind of probe needs a standard? Except for the probe without attenuation (1:1), all probes need to be calibrated. Calibration is necessary when the probe is used with an oscilloscope for the first time, and it is also necessary when using different oscilloscopes for measurement.

　　3. The calibrated probe can be used for measurement. When measuring, please note that if the voltage of the circuit being measured is unknown, choose the probe attenuation position as much as possible to prevent high voltage from damaging the oscilloscope.

　　4. When testing high impedance circuits such as crystal oscillators, that is, when the circuit has an impact on the measurement load, select the probe attenuation position for measurement, because the impedance of the attenuation position is very high. Generally, a 10:1 probe is 10MΩ, and a 100:1 probe is 100MΩ.

　　5. When testing the circuit, make sure that the ground wire of the probe is reliably grounded, especially when the high-voltage probe has no high voltage. The grounding position of the ground wire will also affect the measurement accuracy.

　　6. The probe has electronic components inside, so it also has a voltage resistance parameter. The voltage resistance value must not be exceeded, otherwise not only the probe will be damaged, but the oscilloscope may also be directly damaged.

　　7. The bandwidth of the probe. A high-frequency probe is compatible with a low-frequency probe, but a low-frequency probe cannot test a high-frequency probe. When selecting a probe, try to choose one that is larger than the bandwidth of the oscilloscope.

　　8. When testing the probe, try to select the attenuation mode, which has circuit compensation to ensure that the measured waveform has little distortion and high restoration degree.

　　9. There is a test hook at the front end of the probe. For convenience, some people hook the test hook directly into the circuit for measurement. This will affect the test accuracy, especially under low voltage and high frequency conditions, because the test hook is not shielded and has great interference.

　　1. Use of oscilloscope probe clip

　　1. The probe has a ground wire and a signal wire. The ground wire is the one that connects to the shell of the oscilloscope input terminal. It is usually clip-shaped. The signal wire usually has a probe hook. To connect, connect the oscilloscope ground wire to the ground of your device and connect the signal wire terminal to your signal terminal. Note that if the signal to be measured is not isolated from the AC power, it cannot be measured directly.

　　2. The black clip of the probe line is connected to the metal mesh shielding line of the measuring line. The shielding prevents the measured signal entering the oscilloscope from being disturbed, and it is also the 0-level line of the measured signal. Therefore, it must be clamped at the 0-level corresponding to the measured signal, and the red clip is clamped at the corresponding point of the measured signal. Commonly used black clip clamping points are: 0-level, 0-potential, ground line, etc.

　　2. Oscilloscope probe connection method

　　1. The first is the bandwidth, which is usually written on the probe in MHz. If the probe bandwidth is not enough, no matter how high the oscilloscope bandwidth is, it will be useless, and it will be a bottleneck effect.

　　2. Another thing is the impedance matching of the probe. The impedance matching part of the probe should be adjusted before use. Usually there is an adjustable capacitor at the end of the probe close to the oscilloscope, and some probes also have adjustable capacitors at the end close to the probe. They are used to adjust the impedance matching of the oscilloscope probe. If the impedance is not matched, the measured waveform will be deformed. The method to adjust the impedance matching of the oscilloscope probe is as follows: first, set the input selection of the oscilloscope to GND, and then adjust the Y-axis displacement knob to make the scan line appear in the middle of the oscilloscope. Check whether the scan line is horizontal at this time (that is, whether it coincides with the horizontal center line of the oscilloscope). If not, you need to adjust the horizontal balance knob (usually analog oscilloscopes have this adjustment terminal in the small hole, and you need to use a screwdriver to reach in and adjust it. Digital oscilloscopes do not need to be adjusted). Then, set the input selection of the oscilloscope to DC coupling, and connect the oscilloscope probe to the test signal output terminal of the oscilloscope (generally oscilloscopes have this output terminal, usually a 1KHz square wave signal), and then adjust the scan time knob so that the waveform can display about 2 cycles. Adjust the Y-axis gain knob to make the peak-to-peak value of the waveform about 1/2 screen width. Then observe the upper and lower sides of the square wave to see if they are horizontal. If overshoot, tilt, etc. occur, it means that the matching capacitor on the probe needs to be adjusted. Use a small screwdriver to adjust it until the upper and lower waveforms are horizontal without overshoot. Of course, due to the quality of the oscilloscope probe, it may not be possible to adjust to a completely distortion-free effect, so you can only adjust to the best effect.

　　3. In addition, there is a small switch on the oscilloscope probe to select the range: X10 and X1. When the X1 range is selected, the signal enters the oscilloscope without attenuation. When the X10 range is selected, the signal is attenuated to 1/10 before entering the oscilloscope. Therefore, when using the X10 range of the oscilloscope, the reading on the oscilloscope should be enlarged 10 times (some oscilloscopes can select the X10 range on the oscilloscope end to match the probe, so after the oscilloscope end is also set to the X10 range, the reading can be directly read). When we want to measure higher voltages, we can use the X10 range function of the probe to attenuate the higher voltage before entering the oscilloscope. In addition, the input impedance of the X10 range is much higher than that of the X1 range, so when testing signal waveforms with weaker driving capabilities, setting the probe to the X10 range can provide better measurements. But please note that when the signal voltage is not clear, you should also use the X10 gear to measure it first, and then select the correct range gear to measure after confirming that the voltage is not too high. It is necessary to develop such a habit, otherwise, if the oscilloscope is damaged one day, it will be too late to regret it. People often ask why the waveform on the crystal oscillator pin cannot be seen with an oscilloscope? One possible reason is that the probe's X1 gear is used, which is equivalent to a heavy load (an oscilloscope probe with a capacitance of hundreds of pF using the X1 gear) connected in parallel to the crystal oscillator circuit, causing the circuit to stop oscillating. The correct method should be to use the probe's X10 gear. This should be noted during use. Even if the oscillation does not stop, the real waveform may not be seen due to excessive changes in the oscillation conditions.

　　4. When using the oscilloscope probe, make sure that the ground wire clip is reliably connected to the ground (the ground of the system being measured, not the real earth). Otherwise, when measuring, you will see a large 50Hz signal. This is because the ground wire of the oscilloscope is not connected properly, and it is generated by sensing the 50Hz power frequency mains in the space. If you find a 50Hz signal with a strong amplitude on the oscilloscope (the mains frequency in my country is 50Hz, and 60Hz abroad), you should pay attention to whether the ground wire of the probe is not connected properly. Since the oscilloscope probe is often used, the ground wire may be broken. The detection method is: adjust the oscilloscope to the appropriate scanning frequency and Y-axis gain, and then touch the probe in the middle of the probe with your hand. At this time, you should be able to see the waveform, usually a 50Hz signal. If there is no waveform at this time, you can check whether the signal line in the middle of the probe is damaged. Then, clamp the ground wire clip of the oscilloscope probe to the probe (or hook) of the probe, and then touch the probe of the probe with your hand. At this time, you should not see the signal just now (or the amplitude is very weak), which means that the ground wire of the probe is good, otherwise the ground wire is damaged. Usually the wire connecting the clip is broken. Usually you can just re-solder it and replace it if necessary. Be careful not to make the ground wire of the clip too long, otherwise it will easily introduce interference, especially in high-frequency small signal environments. The ground wire clip of the oscilloscope probe should be close to the measurement point, especially when measuring signals with high frequency and small amplitude. Because the long ground wire will form a loop, it is like a coil and will induce the electromagnetic field in space. In addition, when the current in the ground wire of the system is large, a voltage drop will also be generated on the ground wire, so the ground wire of the oscilloscope probe should be connected to the ground near the test point.