Designing a Digitally Controlled DC-DC Switching Power Supply Based on DSP Designing a Digitally Controlled DC-DC Switching Power Supply Based on DSP Part 1: Building a DC-DC Converter System Using Direct Digital Design By Shamim Choudhury, Texas Instruments As the use of digital signal processors (DSPs) to control power supplies becomes more and more appealing, embedded system designers have many factors to deal with in the design and implementation of digital control loops. First, accurate representation of control blocks and associated control parameters is critical for analog designers to implement DSP-based digital control techniques using familiar analog control design methods. But achieving the desired results requires significant effort. DSP-based digital control allows for more functional control schemes, standard control hardware design for multiple platforms, and the flexibility to quickly modify designs to meet specific customer needs. Digital controllers are less susceptible to aging and environmental changes, and have better noise immunity. In addition, advanced 32-bit DSP controllers (such as the TMS320F280x, which features real-time code debugging) allow power designers to realize all the benefits of digital control and implement high-bandwidth, high-frequency power supplies without sacrificing performance [2-4]. The high computational power of these processors also enables the implementation of complex nonlinear control algorithms, the integration of multiple converter controls into the same processor, and the optimization of overall system cost. However, most power engineers familiar with analog control design face new challenges as they begin to adopt these digital control techniques in their designs. This article details DSP-based digital control design and the implementation of high-frequency DC-DC converters, illustrating two different approaches to digital control design: simulation design and direct digital design. The first approach, simulation design, allows power designers to perform control design in their familiar s-domain and then convert it to a discrete/digital controller; the second approach, direct digital design, involves directly performing digital controller design in the z-domain. Starting with a DC-DC buck converter and a given set of performance specifications, this article discusses different control blocks, different control design approaches, and highlights the key differences in digital domain control design compared to analog approaches. Both approaches are described in detail below, first in MATLAB and then verified with experimental results. The effects of sampling delay and computational delay are also analyzed in MATLAB and verified experimentally. Designing a DSP-Based Digitally Controlled DC/DC Switching Power Supply: Part 2 As mentioned in Part 1 of this tutorial, the simulation approach described previously allows the power supply designer to design the control in their familiar S-domain and then convert it to a discrete/digital controller. The second approach described here, direct digital design, allows the design to be done directly in the Z-domain without conversion. The first step in this approach is to redraw Figure 1 from Part 1 as Figure 6 below to show all the different components of the closed-loop control system including the effects of sampling and holding. Figure 6 DC-DC converter digital control loop structure In this method, the sampling process of the on-chip ADC is represented by an ideal sampler with a sampling period Ts. Since the ADC gain in the block marked Kd is fully considered and the ADC conversion time is included in the calculation delay block marked Hc, the ADC can be represented in this way compared to the model given in [7]. The on-chip PWM module acts as a holding device. Denoted as a zero-order hold (ZOH), the ADC and PWM module together form a sample and hold device. The effect of this sample and hold behavior is to introduce a time delay of Ts/2 or a phase lag of (omega) Ts/2 (as shown in Figure 7 below). Here, the signal is sampled at time intervals of Ts and then reconstructed by ZOH. The purpose of the reconstructed signal is to lag the original signal by (omega) Ts/2 radians or 180f/fs degrees.
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