The main objective of this paper is to design, develop and validate a system capable of measuring magnetic fields in sub-MHz frequencies with low noise conditions. Such an instrument is considered as part of a space mission concept for a gravitational wave observatory, known as eLISA (Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna). Moreover, the work of this paper is also well suited for magnetically sensitive fundamental physics experiments requiring long integration times, such as high-precision measurements of the weak equivalence principle. In this context, it is also foreseen that the baseline design of the instrument will monitor the ambient magnetic field in a proposed mission concept involving space-atom interferometry, namely STE-QUEST (Spacetime Explorer and Quantum Equivalence Principle Space Test). Before presenting the magnetic measurement system in detail, we put the work of the paper into context and introduce the main objectives of the eLISA and STE-QUEST mission concepts. On the one hand, a brief introduction to the properties of gravitational waves and their detection is given. We will also describe the reasons for performing magnetic field measurements in the eLISA spacecraft. Furthermore, a general perspective on the eLISA technology demonstrator, LISA Pathfinder, is given. On the other hand, a brief introduction to the weak equivalence principle is given and space-based tests using two-species atom interferometry are explained. Finally, we discuss the requirements of a magnetic field monitoring subsystem as part of the STE-QUEST payload.
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