3D display is the future of display, a carrier for displaying massive amounts of information in the era of big data, and an effective way to achieve healthy display. Based on the scientific research results and engineering practice of government, industry, academia, and research for many years, this book systematically introduces the basic principles, implementation technologies, existing problems and countermeasures of 3D display. The book is divided into four parts: the first part includes Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, which introduces the basic concepts of 3D display technology; the second part includes Chapters 3 to 6, which introduces 2-viewpoint and multi-viewpoint 3D display technologies based on traditional optical elements such as glasses, gratings, and pointing backlights; the third part includes Chapters 7 to 9, which introduces true 3D display technologies such as light field 3D, volume 3D, and holographic 3D; the fourth part includes Chapters 10 to 12, which introduces visual illusion 3D display technology, 3D display technology and applications in AR/VR, and 3D display quality improvement and visual fatigue countermeasures. This book can be used as an important reference for universities, scientific research institutions, enterprises, governments, etc. to understand, apply and develop 3D display technology. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The development of 3D display technology 1 1.1.1 The development law of display technology 1 1.1.2 The development history of 3D display technology 5 1.2 Categories of 3D display technology 9 1.2.1 Classification of 3D display technology 9 1.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of various 3D display technologies 12 1.3 Applications of 3D display technology 14 1.4 Challenges of 3D display technology 17 References for this chapter 19 Chapter 2 Stereoscopic vision and 3D display 25 2.1 Visual function of the human eye 25 2.1.1 Human visual system 25 2.1.2 Monocular visual function 28 2.1.3 Binocular visual function 32 2.2 Depth cues 35 2.2.1 Psychological depth cues 35 2.2.2 Motion depth cues 38 2.2.3 Stereoscopic depth cues 41 2.2.4 Physiological depth cues 43 2.2.5 Depth perception range 46 2.3 2.3.1 Basic elements of 3D space reproduction 49 2.3.2 Binocular parallax 3D display 51 2.3.3 Monocular focusing 3D display 55 2.3.4 2D view to 3D display 57 References in this chapter 61 Chapter 3 Glasses 3D display technology 67 3.1 Chromatic aberration 3D display technology 67 3.1.1 Color vision theory and color separation 3D display 67 3.1.2 Broadband color separation 3D display technology 69 3.1.3 Narrowband color separation 3D display technology 71 3.2 Polarized 3D display technology 73 3.2.1 Polarized light and 3D display 73 3.2.2 Passive polarized 3D display technology 76 3.2.3 Active polarized 3D display technology 79 3.2.4 Dual-screen polarized 3D display technology 81 3.3 3.3.1 Basic principles of shutter 3D display 83 3.3.2 Issues of shutter 3D display 86 3.3.3 Crosstalk countermeasures for shutter 3D display 88 References in this chapter 91 Chapter 4 Light-blocking 3D display technology 95 4.1 Parallax barrier 3D display technology 95 4.1.1 Upper parallax barrier 3D display technology 95 4.1.2 Lower parallax barrier 3D display technology 99 4.1.3 Dual parallax barrier 3D display technology 102 4.1.4 Step parallax barrier 3D display technology 103 4.1.5 Polarization barrier 3D display technology 106 4.2 Dynamic parallax barrier technology 109 4.2.1 2D/3D switching parallax barrier technology 109 4.2.2 Time-division parallax barrier technology 111 4.2.3 Moving parallax grating technology 114 4.3 Evaluation parameters for autostereoscopic display 117 4.3.1 Viewpoint and petal 117 4.3.2 Optimal viewing distance 120 References in this chapter 122 Chapter 5 Light refraction type 3D display technology 127 5.1 Rod lens grating 3D display technology 127 5.1.1 Rod lens grating 3D display principle 127 5.1.2 Tilted lens grating 3D display technology 131 5.1.3 Moving lens plate 3D display technology 135 5.2 Prism grating 3D display technology 136 5.3 Liquid crystal lens grating 3D display technology 138 5.3.1 Non-uniform cell thickness liquid crystal lens grating 3D display technology 139 5.3.2 LCP rod lens grating 3D display technology 141 5.4 GRIN liquid crystal lens grating 3D display technology 144 GRIN liquid crystal lens and 3D display 144 5.4.2 GRIN liquid crystal lens design technology 148 5.4.3 Local 2D/3D display switching technology 152 5.4.4 Vertical and horizontal 2D/3D display switching technology 156 5.4.5 Scanning GRIN liquid crystal lens technology 159 References in this chapter 161 Chapter 6 Directional backlight 3D display technology 167 6.1 Light refraction type directive backlight 3D display technology 167 6.1.1 Single convex lens structure directive backlight technology 167 6.1.2 3D film structure directive backlight technology 168 6.1.3 Prism array structure directive backlight technology 171 6.1.4 Lens array structure directive backlight technology 172 6.1.5 Scanning parallax backlight technology 173 6.2 Light reflection type directive backlight 3D display technology 175 6.2.1 Wedge-shaped groove structure directive backlight technology 175 6.2.2 Scattering pattern structure directional backlight technology 178 6.2.3 Elliptical reflector structure directional backlight technology 179 6.3 Light diffraction type directional backlight 3D display technology 182 6.3.1 Volume holographic optical element directional backlight technology 182 6.3.2 Pixel-type grating structure directional backlight technology 184 References in this chapter 187 Chapter 7 Light field 3D display technology 191 7.1 Light space and light field display 191 7.1.1 Light space and light field approximation 191 7.1.2 Classification of light field 3D display 195 7.1.3 Light field imaging and light field display 199 7.2 Integrated imaging 3D display technology 202 7.2.1 Principle of integrated imaging 3D display 203 7.2.2 Integrated imaging and multi-viewpoint display 206 7.2.3 Solutions to depth inversion 208 7.2.4 7.2.5 Image field of view expansion technology 214 7.2.6 Image resolution enhancement technology 217 7.2.7 Integrated imaging 2D/3D switching technology 219 7.3 Multi-layer imaging 3D display technology 222 7.3.1 Multi-layer imaging 3D display principle 222 7.3.2 Compressed light field display technology 225 References in this chapter 230 Chapter 8 Volume 3D display technology 235 8.1 Solid-state volume 3D display based on luminescent medium 235 8.1.1 Solid-state volume 3D display based on solid medium energy transition 235 8.1.2 Solid-state volume 3D display based on gas medium energy transition 238 8.1.3 Solid-state volume 3D display based on chemical dyes 238 8.1.4 Solid-state volume 3D display based on inkjet printing 240 8.2 Dynamic volume 3D display based on rotating screen 241 8.2.1 8.2.2 Dynamic volume 3D display based on rotating light emitting diode array 242 8.2.3 Dynamic volume 3D display based on laser scanning spiral rotating surface 242 8.3 Holographic volume display 246 8.3.1 Holographic volume display based on laser projector 246 8.3.2 Holographic volume display based on ZBLAN glass 247 8.3.3 Holographic volume display based on aerial projection system 249 8.4 Free space volume 3D display 250 8.4.1 Free space volume 3D display based on optical trap 251 8.4.2 Free space volume 3D display based on plasma 252 8.4.3 Free space volume 3D display based on modified air 253 8.4.4 Free space volume 3D display based on acoustic levitation 255 8.5 Multi-plane volume 3D display 258 8.5.1 Volume 3D display based on multi-zoom lens 258 8.5.2 Volumetric 3D Display Based on Multiple LCD Screens 261 8.5.3 Volumetric 3D Display Based on Multiple Projectors 263 References in This Chapter 264 Chapter 9 Holographic 3D Display Technology 267 9.1 Basic Principles of Holographic 3D Display 267 9.2 Calculation Method of Hologram 269 9.2.1 Point Cloud Method 269 9.2.29.2.3 Multi-plane method 277 9.2.4 Light field method 281 9.3 Holographic 3D display device 285 9.3.1 Holographic 3D display device based on light control 285 9.3.2 Holographic 3D display device based on electrical control 289 9.3.3 Holographic 3D display device based on acousto-optic modulator 290 9.3.4 Complex amplitude modulation method for holographic 3D display 292 References in this chapter 298 Chapter 10 Visual illusion 3D display technology 302 10.1 Principle of visual illusion 3D display 302 10.1.1 Causes and types of visual illusion 302 10.1.2 Visual illusion stereoscopic painting and 3D animation 306 10.2 Depth fusion 3D display technology 309 10.2.1 Principle of depth fusion 3D display 309 10.2.2 10.2.1 Classification of augmented reality display technologies 334 11.2.2 Problems faced by augmented reality display technologies 337 11.2.3 Three-dimensional light field display technology in augmented reality 337 11.2.4 Holographic display technology in augmented reality 341 11.2.5 Application of holographic optical elements in augmented reality 347 References in this chapter 352 Chapter 12 3D Display Quality and Visual Fatigue 354 12.1 Crosstalk and Its Improvement Countermeasures 354 12.1.1 Definition of Crosstalk in Glasses-type 3D Display 354 12.1.2 Definition of Crosstalk in Autostereoscopic Display 359 12.1.3 Improvement Countermeasures for Crosstalk 363 12.2 Moiré and Its Improvement Countermeasures 366 12.2.1 Moiré Formation Mechanism of Raster 3D Display 367 12.2.2 Classification and Countermeasures of Moiré 370 12.3 Reverse Vision and Its Improvement Countermeasures 374 12.3.1 Formation and Improvement of Reverse Vision 374 12.3.2 Ultra-multi-viewpoint 3D Display Technology 377 12.3.3 Eye-tracking 3D Display Technology 381 12.4 Visual Fatigue and Its Improvement Countermeasures 384 12.4.1 The Impact of Physiological and Psychological Factors on Visual Fatigue 384 12.4.2 Effects of 3D images on visual fatigue 388 12.4.3 Effects of display devices on visual fatigue 391 12.4.4 Evaluation and mitigation measures for visual fatigue 392 References in this chapter 395
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