This book is an excellent textbook in the field of microwave engineering. Its content is both deep and broad, mainly including electromagnetic theory, transmission line theory, transmission lines and waveguides, microwave network analysis, impedance matching and tuning, microwave resonators, power dividers and directional couplers, microwave filters, ferrite component theory and design, noise and nonlinear distortion, active RF and microwave devices, microwave amplifier design, oscillators and mixers, and an introduction to microwave systems. In terms of basic theory, it introduces both the classical electromagnetic field theory and the distributed circuit and network analysis methods commonly used in modern microwave engineering. In terms of microwave circuits and devices, in addition to introducing traditional linear microwave circuits and waveguide devices, it also adds the design of planar structure components and integrated circuits, the phase noise of oscillators, transistor power amplifiers, nonlinear effects, and tools commonly used by today\'s microwave engineers, such as microwave CAD software packages and network analyzers. Exercises are provided at the end of each chapter, and the answers to some exercises are provided at the end of the book for teachers to choose and students to test themselves. The characteristic of this book is that it starts from basic concepts and introduces the design of special circuits and devices, so that readers can understand how to apply basic concepts to obtain useful results and improve readers\' ability to use theory to solve practical problems. Chapter 1 Electromagnetic Theory 1 1.1 Introduction to Microwave Engineering 1 1.1.1 Applications of Microwave Engineering 1 1.1.2 A Brief History of Microwave Engineering 3 1.2 Maxwell’s Equations 4 1.3 Fields and Boundary Conditions in Media 8 1.3.1 Fields on General Material Interfaces 10 1.3.2 Fields on Dielectric Interfaces 11 1.3.3 Fields on Ideal Conductor (Electric Wall) Interfaces 11 1.3.4 Magnetic Wall Boundary Conditions 12 1.3.5 Radiation Conditions 12 1.4 Wave Equations and Solutions of Basic Plane Waves 12 1.4.1 Helmholtz Equation 12 1.4.2 Plane Waves in Lossless Media 13 1.4.3 Plane Waves in General Lossy Media 14 1.4.4 Plane Waves in Good Conductors 15 1.5 General Solutions of Plane Waves 16 1.5.1 Circularly Polarized Plane Waves 19 1.6 Energy and Power 20 1.6.1 Power Absorbed by a Good Conductor 21 1.7 Plane Wave Reflection at a Dielectric Interface 22 1.7.1 Ordinary Media 22 1.7.2 Lossless Media 23 1.7.3 Good Conductors 25 1.7.4 Ideal Conductors 26 1.7.5 The Concept of Surface Impedance 26 1.8 Oblique Incident on a Dielectric Interface 28 1.8.1 Parallel Polarizations 28 1.8.2 Perpendicular Polarizations 30 1.8.3 Total Reflection and Surface Waves 31 1.9 Some Useful Theorems 32 1.9.1 Reciprocity Theorem 32 1.9.2 Mirror Image Theory 33 References 35 Exercises 36 Chapter 2 Transmission Line Theory 39 2.1 Lumped Element Circuit Model of a Transmission Line 39 2.1.1 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line 40 2.1.2 Lossless Transmission Lines 41 2.2 Field Analysis of Transmission Lines 41 2.2.1 Transmission Line Parameters 41 2.2.2 Derivation of the Telegraph Equation for Coaxial Line from Field Analysis 43 2.2.3 Propagation Constant, Impedance, and Power Flow in Lossless Coaxial Line 44 2.3 Lossless Transmission Line Terminated with a Load 45 2.3.1 Special Cases of Lossless Transmission Lines 47 2.4 Smith Chart 50 2.4.1 Smith Chart of Combined Impedance-Admittance 54 2.4.2 Slotted Line 55 2.5 Quarter-Wavelength Transformer 58 2.5.1 Impedance Viewpoint 58 2.5.2 Multiple Reflection Viewpoint 59 2.6 Source and Load Mismatch 60 2.6.1 Matching the Load to the Line 61 2.6.2 Matching the Source to the Loaded Line 62 2.6.3 Conjugate Matching 62 2.7 Lossy Transmission Line 63 2.7.1 Low-Loss Line 63 2.7.2 2.7.3 Terminated Lossy Transmission Lines 65 2.7.4 Perturbation Method for Calculating Attenuation 65 2.7.5 Wheeler’s Incremental Inductance Rule 66 2.8 Transient Effects on Transmission Lines 68 2.8.1 Pulse-Reflection Characteristics of a Transmission Line Terminated with a Load 68 2.8.2 Transient Circuit Bounce Plots 70 References 71 Exercises 71 Chapter 3 Transmission Lines and Waveguides 75 3.1 General Solution for TEM, TE, and TM Waves 75 3.1.1 TEM Waves 77 3.1.2 TE Waves 78 3.1.3 TM Waves 79 3.1.4 Attenuation Due to Dielectric Losses 80 3.2 Parallel Plane Waveguides 80 3.2.1 TEM Modes 81 3.2.2 TM Modes 81 3.2.3 TE Modes 84 3.3 Rectangular Waveguides 86 3.3.1 General Solution for TEM, TE, and TM Waves 87 3.3.2 General Solution for TEM, TE, and TM Waves 88 3.3.3 TM Modes 89 3.3.2 TE Mode 90 3.3.3 TEm0 Mode of Partially Loaded Waveguide 94 3.4 Circular Waveguide 96 3.4.1 TE Mode 96 3.4.2 TM Mode 99 3.5 Coaxial Line 103 3.5.1 TEM Mode 103 3.5.2 Higher Order Modes 104 3.6 Surface Waves on Grounded Plates 106 3.6.1 TM Mode 107 3.6.2 TE Mode 109 3.7 Stripline 112 3.7.1 Formulas for Propagation Constant, Characteristic Impedance, and Attenuation 113 3.7.2 Approximate Electrostatic Solution 114 3.8 Microstrip Line 117 3.8.1 Formulas for Effective Dielectric Constant, Characteristic Impedance, and Attenuation 117 3.8.2 Frequency Dependence and Higher Order Modes 119 3.9 Transverse Resonance Method 121 3.9.1 TE0n Mode of a Partially Loaded Rectangular Waveguide 122 3.10 Wave Velocity and Dispersion 122 3.10.1 Group Velocity 123 3.11 Summary of Transmission Lines and Waveguides 125 3.11.1 Other Types of Transmission Lines and Waveguides 125 References 128 Exercises 128 Chapter 4 Microwave Network Analysis 131 4.1 Impedance and Equivalent Voltage and Current 131 4.1.1 Equivalent Voltage and Current 131 4.1.2 Impedance Concept 134 4.1.3 Parity of Z(ω) and Г(ω) 136 4.2 Impedance and Admittance Matrices 137 4.2.1 Reciprocal Networks 138 4.2.2 Lossless Networks 139 4.3 Scattering Matrix 140 4.3.1 Reciprocal and Lossless Networks 143 4.3.2 Shifting the Reference Plane 145 4.3.3 Power Waves and Generalized Scattering Parameters 146 4.4 Transmission (ABCD) Matrix 149 4.4.1 Relation to the Impedance Matrix 151 4.4.2 Equivalent Circuit of a Two-Port Network 151 4.5 Signal Flow Graph 153 4.5.1 Decomposition of Signal Flow Graph 154 4.5.2 Application of TRL Network Analyzer Correction 156 4.6 Discontinuities and Mode Analysis 160 4.6.1 Mode Analysis of H-Plane Steps in a Rectangular Waveguide 162 4.7 Waveguide Excitation - Current and Magnetic Currents 166 4.7.1 Current Sheets Exciting Only One Waveguide Mode 166 4.7.2 Mode Excitation by Arbitrary Current or Magnetic Current Sources 167 4.8 Waveguide Excitation - Aperture Coupling 170 4.8.1 Coupling through Apertures in the Lateral Waveguide Walls 172 4.8.2 Coupling through Apertures in the Broad Waveguide Walls 174 References 175 Exercises 175 Chapter 5 Impedance Matching and Tuning 181 5.1 Matching with Lumped Elements (L Network) 181 5.1.1 Analytical Solution 182 5.1.2 Smith Chart Solution 183 5.2 Single Stub Tuning 186 5.2.1 Parallel Stubs 187 5.2.2 Series Stubs 189 5.3 Dual Stub Tuning 192 5.3.1 Smith Chart Solution 193 5.3.2 Analytical Solution 195 5.4 Quarter Wavelength Transformer 196 5.5 Small Reflection Theory 199 5.5.1 Single Section Transformer 199 5.5.2 Multi-Section Transformer 200 5.6 Binomial Multi-Section Matching Transformer 201 5.7 Chebyshev Multi-Section Matching Transformer 204 5.7.1 Chebyshev Polynomials 204 5.7.2 Design of Chebyshev Transformers 206 5.8 Tapered Transmission Lines 208 5.8.1 Exponential Taper 209 5.8.2 Triangular Taper 210 5.8.3 Klopfenstein Taper 210 5.9 Bode-Fano Constraints 213 References 215 Exercises 215 Chapter 6 Microwave Resonators 217 6.1 Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 217 6.1.1 Series Resonant Circuit 217 6.1.2 Parallel Resonant Circuit 219 6.1.3 Loaded and Unloaded Q 221 6.2 Transmission Line Resonators 222 6.2.1 Short-circuited λ/2 Transmission Line 222 6.2.2 Short-circuited λ/4 Transmission Line 224 6.2.3 Open-circuited λ/2 Transmission Line 225 6.3 Rectangular Waveguide Cavity Resonator 226 6.3.1 Resonant Frequency 226 6.3.2 Unloaded Q of a Mode 227 6.4 Circular Waveguide Cavity Resonator 230 6.4.1 Resonant Frequency 230 6.4.2 Unloaded Q of a Mode 232 6.5 Dielectric Resonator 234 6.5.1 Resonant Frequency of the TE01δ Mode 234 6.6 Excitation of a Resonator 237 6.6.1 Coupling Coefficient and Critical Coupling 238 6.6.2 Slot-Coupled Microstrip Resonators 239 6.6.3 Small-Aperture Coupled Cavities 242 6.6.4 Unloaded Q by Two-Port Measurements 243 6.7 Cavity Perturbations 245 6.7.1 Material Perturbations 245 6.7.2 Shape Perturbations 247 References 249 Exercises 249 Chapter 7 Power Dividers and Directional Couplers 253 7.1 Basic Properties of Power Dividers and Couplers 253 7.1.1 Three-Port Networks (T-Junctions) 253 7.1.2 Four-Port Networks (Directional Couplers) 256 7.2 T-Junction Power Dividers 259 7.2.1 Lossless Power Dividers 259 7.2.2 Resistive Power Dividers 260 7.3 Wilkinson Power Dividers 262 7.3.1 7.4 Waveguide Directional Coupler 266 7.4.1 Betz Hole Coupler 266 7.4.2 Design of Multi-hole Coupler 270 7.5 Orthogonal (90°) Hybrid 274 7.5.1 Even-Odd Mode Analysis 274 7.6 Coupled-Line Directional Coupler 277 7.6.1 Coupled-Line Theory 277 7.6.2 Design of Coupled-Line Coupler 280 7.6.3 Design of Multi-section Coupled-Line Coupler 284 7.7 Lange Coupler 286 7.8 180° Hybrid 289 7.8.1 Even-Odd Mode Analysis of Ring Hybrid 290 7.8.2 Even-Odd Mode Analysis of Tapered Coupled-Line Hybrid 294 7.8.3 Waveguide Magic Tee 296 7.9 Other Couplers 297 References 299 Exercises 300 Chapter 8 Microwave Filters 304 8.1 Periodic Structures 304 8.1.1 Analysis of Infinite-Length Periodic Structures 305 8.1.2 Loaded Periodic Structures 307 8.1.3 k?β Diagrams and Wave Velocities 308 8.2 Filter Design Using the Image Parameter Method 310 8.2.1 Image Impedance and Transfer Function of a Two-Port Network 310 8.2.2 Constant-k Filters Section 313 8.2.3 m-Derived Filters Section 314 8.2.4 Composite Filters 317 8.3 Filter Design Using the Insertion Loss Method 319 8.3.1 Characterization Using Power Loss Ratio 319 8.3.2 Flattest Low-Pass Filter Prototype 321 8.3.3 Equiripple Low-Pass Filter Prototype 324 8.3.4 Linear-Phase Low-Pass Filter Prototype 326 8.4 Filter Transformations 327 8.4.1 Impedance and Frequency Scaling 327 8.4.2 Bandpass and Bandstop Transformations 329 8.5 Filter Implementation 332 8.5.1 Richard Transformation 333 8.5.2 Koloda Identity 333 8.5.3 Impedance and Admittance Inverters 337 8.6 Step Impedance Lowpass Filters 338 8.6.1 Approximate Equivalent Circuits for Short Transmission Line Segments 339 8.7 Coupled Line Filters 341 8.7.1 Filter Characteristics of Coupled Line Segments 342 8.7.2 Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filters 346 8.8 Filters Using Coupled Resonators 351 8.8.1 Bandstop and Bandpass Filters Using Quarter-wavelength Resonators 351 8.8.2 Bandpass Filters Using Capacitively Coupled Series Resonators 354 8.8.3 Bandpass Filters Using Capacitively Coupled Parallel Resonators 357 9.1 Basic Properties of Ferrite Materials 363 9.1.1 The Permeability Tensor 363 9.1.2 Circularly Polarized Field 367 9.1.3 Loss Effects 369 9.1.4 Demagnetization Factor 371 9.2 Plane Wave Propagation in Ferrites 373 9.2.1 Propagation in the Direction of the Bias Field (Faraday Rotation) 373 9.2.2 Wave Propagation Perpendicular to the Bias Field (Birefringence) 376 9.3 Wave Propagation in Ferrite-Loaded Rectangular Waveguides 378 9.3.1 TEm0 Mode of a Waveguide with a Single Ferrite Piece 378 9.3.2 TEm0 Mode of a Waveguide with Two Symmetrical Ferrites 381 9.4 Ferrite Isolators 382 9.4.1 9.4.2 Field-Shift Isolators 385 9.5 Ferrite Phase Shifters 387 9.5.1 Nonreciprocal Latched Phase Shifters 387 9.5.2 Other Types of Ferrite Phase Shifters 389 9.5.3 Gyrators 390 9.6 Ferrite Circulators 390 9.6.1 Characteristics of Mismatched Circulators 391 9.6.2 Junction Circulators 392 References 396 Exercises 396 Chapter 10 Noise and Nonlinear Distortion 399 10.1 Noise in Microwave Circuits 399 10.1.1 Dynamic Range and Noise Sources 399 10.1.2 Noise Power and Equivalent Noise Temperature 400 10.1.3 Measurement of Noise Temperature 402 10.2 Noise Figure 403 10.2.1 Definition of Noise Figure 403 10.2.2 10.2.4 Noise Figure of a Mismatched Lossy Transmission Line 407 10.2.5 Noise Figure of a Mismatched Amplifier 409 10.3 Nonlinear Distortion 410 10.3.1 Gain Compression 411 10.3.2 Harmonic Frequencies and Intermodulation Distortion 411 10.3.3 Third-Order Intercept Point 413 10.3.4 Intercept Point in Cascaded Systems 414 10.3.5 Passive Intermodulation 415 10.4 Dynamic Range 416 10.4.1 Linearity and Spurious-Free Dynamic Range 416 References 417 Exercises 418 Chapter 11 Active RF and Microwave Devices 420 11.1 Diodes and Diode Circuits 420 11.1.1 Schottky Diodes and Detectors 420 11.1.2 PIN Diodes and Control Circuits 424 11.1.3 Varactor Diodes 429 11.1.4 Other Diodes 430 11.1.5 Power Combination 431 11.2 Bipolar Junction Transistor 432 11.2.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor 432 11.2.2 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor 434 11.3 Field Effect Transistor 434 11.3.1 Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 435 11.3.2 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 436 11.3.3 High Electron Mobility Transistor 437 11.4 Microwave Integrated Circuits 437 11.4.1 Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuits 438 11.4.2 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits 439 11.5 Microwave Tubes 441 References 444 Exercises 444 Chapter 12 Microwave Amplifier Design 446 12.1 Two-Port Power Gain 446 12.1.1 Definition of Two-Port Power Gain 446 12.1.2 A Closer Look at Two-Port Power Gain 449 12.2 Stability 451 12.2.1 Stability Circle 451 12.2.2 Tests for Unconditional Stability 453 12.3 Single-Stage Transistor Amplifier Design 456 12.3.1 Maximum Gain Design (Conjugate Matching) 456 12.3.2 Equal Gain Circle and Fixed Gain Design 460 12.3.3 Low Noise Amplifier Design 464 12.3.4 Low Noise MOSFET Amplifier 467 12.4 Broadband Transistor Amplifier Design 469 12.4.1 Balanced Amplifiers 469 12.4.2 Distributed Amplifiers 471 12.4.3 Differential Amplifiers 475 12.5 Power Amplifiers 478 12.5.1 Power Amplifier Characteristics and Amplifier Types 478 12.5.2 Large-Signal Characteristics of Transistors 479 12.5.3 Design of Class A Power Amplifiers 479 References 481 Exercises 482 Chapter 13 Oscillators and Mixers 484 13.1 RF Oscillators 485 13.1.1 General Analysis Methods 485 13.1.2 Oscillators Using Common-Emitter Bipolar Junction Transistors 486 13.1.3 Oscillators Using Common-Gate Field-Effect Transistors 487 13.1.4 Practical Considerations 488 13.1.5 Crystal Oscillators 490 13.2 Microwave Oscillators 491 13.2.1 Transistor Oscillator 492 13.2.2 Dielectric Resonator Oscillator 495 13.3 Oscillator Phase Noise 498 13.3.1 Representation of Phase Noise 498 13.3.2 Leeson Model of Oscillator Phase Noise 499 13.4 Frequency Multiplier 502 13.4.1 Reactive Diode Multiplier (Manley-Rowe Relationship) 502 13.4.2 Resistive Diode Multiplier 504 13.4.3 Transistor Multiplier 506 13.5 Mixer 509 13.5.1 Mixer Characteristics 509 13.5.2 Single-Ended Diode Mixer 513 13.5.3 Single-Ended FET Mixer 514 13.5.4 Balanced Mixer 516 13.5.5 Image Rejection Mixer 518 13.5.6 Differential FET Mixer and Gilbert Cell Mixer 520 13.5.7 Other Mixers 521 References 523 Exercises 524 Chapter 14 Introduction to Microwave Systems 526 14.1 System Characteristics of Antennas 526 14.1.1 Field and Power Radiated by Antennas 527 14.1.2 Antenna Radiation Pattern Characteristics 528 14.1.3 Antenna Gain and Efficiency 530 14.1.4 Aperture Efficiency and Effective Area 531 14.1.5 Background Temperature and Brightness Temperature 532 14.1.6 Antenna Noise Temperature and G/T 534 14.2 Wireless Communication Systems 536 14.2.1 Friis’s Equation 537 14.2.2 Link Budget and Link Margin 538 14.2.3 Wireless Receiver Structure 540 14.2.4 Receiver Noise Characteristics 542 14.2.5 Digital Modulation and Bit Error Rate 544 14.2.6 Wireless Communication Systems 546 14.3 Radar Systems 550 14.3.1 The Radar Equation 552 14.3.2 Pulse Radar 553 14.3.3 Doppler Radar 554 14.3.4 Radar Cross Section 555 14.4 Radiometer Systems 556 14.4.1 Radiometer Theory and Applications 556 14.4.2 Total Power Radiometer 558 14.4.3 Dicke Radiometer 559 14.5 Microwave Propagation 560 14.5.1 Atmospheric Effects 560 14.5.2 Ground Effects 561 14.5.3 Plasma Effects 562 14.6 Other Applications and Topics 563 14.6.1 Microwave Heating 563 14.6.2 Power Transmission 563 14.6.3 Biological Effects and Safety 564 References 565 Exercises 566 Appendix A Prefixes for Forming Decimal Multiples and Fractional Units 569 Appendix B Vector Analysis 569 B.1 Coordinate Transformations 569 B.2 Vector Differentiation Operators 570 Appendix C Bessel Functions 571 Appendix D Other Mathematical Formulas 573 D.1 Useful Integrals 573 D.2 Taylor Series 573 Appendix E Physical Constants 574 Appendix F Electrical Conductivity of Some Materials 574 Appendix G Dielectric Constant and Loss Tangent of Some Materials 575 Appendix H Properties of Some Microwave Ferrite Materials 575 Appendix I Standard Rectangular Waveguide Data 576 Appendix J Standard Coaxial Line Data 577 Answers to Some Exercises 578 Glossary 5812 Taylor Series 573 Appendix E Physical Constants 574 Appendix F Electrical Conductivity of Some Materials 574 Appendix G Dielectric Constant and Loss Tangent of Some Materials 575 Appendix H Properties of Some Microwave Ferrite Materials 575 Appendix I Standard Rectangular Waveguide Data 576 Appendix J Standard Coaxial Cable Data 577 Answers to Some Exercises 578 Glossary 5812 Taylor Series 573 Appendix E Physical Constants 574 Appendix F Electrical Conductivity of Some Materials 574 Appendix G Dielectric Constant and Loss Tangent of Some Materials 575 Appendix H Properties of Some Microwave Ferrite Materials 575 Appendix I Standard Rectangular Waveguide Data 576 Appendix J Standard Coaxial Cable Data 577 Answers to Some Exercises 578 Glossary 581
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