An audio power amplifier is an energy conversion circuit that requires to efficiently provide the maximum possible power to the load within the permissible distortion range. This book is oriented towards engineering applications, combining theory with practice. Through a large number of detailed and specific circuit examples, it introduces the design concepts and production details of audio power amplifiers in an easy-to-understand manner. The specific measured voltage data, waveforms and complete design diagrams provided can help practitioners and enthusiasts solve specific problems in practice. Chapter 1 Overview 1.1 Preliminary knowledge of power amplifier circuits 1.1.1 Idealized \"black box\" circuits 1.1.2 Advantages of discrete power amplifiers 1.1.3 Thermal distortion of power amplifier integrated circuits 1.2 Working principles of transistors and FETs 1.2.1 How transistors and FETs amplify 1.2.2 Working principles of transistors 1.2.3 Relationship between the currents at each terminal of a transistor 1.2.4 Using a digital multimeter to determine the type of transistor 1.2.5 Using a digital multimeter to measure the DC gain of a transistor 1.2.6 Working principles of FETs Chapter 2 Common emitter amplifiers 2.1 Observe the waveform of a common emitter amplifier 2.1.15 times voltage amplification 2.1.2 Base and emitter potential and waveform 2.1.3 Collector and emitter potential and waveform 2.2 DC parameters and voltage gain 2.2.1 DC parameters 2.2.2 Voltage gain 2.3 Design of amplifier circuit 2.3.1 Determine the power supply voltage 2.3.2 Selection of transistor 2.3.3 Determine the quiescent current of the emitter 2.3.4 Determine the emitter resistance 2.3.5 Determine the collector resistance 2.3.6 The static loss of the transistor 2.3.7 Design of base bias circuit 2.3.8 Critical input and output voltage 2.3.9 Determine the coupling capacitors Cin and Cout 2.3.10 Determine the power supply decoupling capacitors C1 and C2 2.4 AC performance of amplifier circuit 2.4.1 Input impedance Ri 2.4.2 Output impedance Ro 2.4.3 Amplitude-frequency characteristics 2.4.4 Reasons why the frequency characteristics do not expand 2.4.5 Methods to increase the voltage gain 2.4.6 Noise voltage 2.4.7 Total harmonic distortion Chapter 3 Common collector amplifier 3.1 Observe the waveform of the emitter follower 3.1.1 The working waveform of the emitter follower 3.1.2 Lower impedance output 3.2 Design of the emitter follower 3.2.1 Determine the power supply voltage 3.2.2 Selection of transistors 3.2.3 Transistor collector loss 3.2.4 Determine the emitter resistance Re 3.2.5 Determine the base bias circuit 3.2.6 Determine the input and output capacitors 3.3 AC performance of the emitter follower 3.3.1 Input and output impedance 3.3.2 Working conditions when the load is increased or the input signal is increased 3.3.3 Complementary symmetry power amplifier 3.3.4 Improved complementary symmetry power amplifier 3.3.5 Amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics 3.3.6 Noise and total harmonic distortion Chapter 4 Low-power audio amplifier 4.1 “Heat” is an important issue for power amplifiers 4.1.1 Basic architecture of power amplifiers 4.1.2 Mechanism of thermal breakdown of power amplifier tubes 4.1.3 Thermal coupling between UBE multiplier tube and power amplifier tube to prevent thermal breakdown 4.2 Design of low power amplifier 4.2.1 Design specifications 4.2.2 Determination of power supply voltage 4.2.3 Determination of quiescent current 4.2.4 Determination of collector and emitter resistance 4.2.5 Determination of base bias resistance 4.2.6 UBE multiplier circuit 4.2.7 Loss of power amplifier tube 4.2.8 Components around output circuit 4.3 Performance of low power amplifier 4.3.1 Quiescent current adjustment 4.3.2 Working waveform and voltage gain 4.3.3 2kΩ input impedance 4.3.4 Maximum output voltage when load is 8Ω 4.3.5 Using PNP transistor as amplifier stage 4.4 Design example of low power audio amplifier 4.4.1 Circuit structure and working principle 4.4.2 Power amplifier tubes TIP41 and TIP42 Chapter 5 Single-Tube Input Stage Power Amplifier 5.1 Single-Tube Input Stage Low-Power Amplifier 5.1.1 Circuit Structure of Single-Tube Input Power Amplifier 5.1.2 DC Parameters 5.1.3 Improving Input Impedance 5.1.4 Voltage Amplification 5.1.5 Determination of Input Stage Bias Resistor 5.1.6 Determination of Feedback Resistor and Sampling Resistor 5.1.7 Determination of Input Stage Collector Resistor 5.1.8 Working Waveform of Single-Tube Input Power Amplifier 5.1.9 Negative Feedback Reduces Amplification Factor but Improves Stability 5.1.10 Special Cases of Large Voltage Output 5.1.11 Constant Current Source Improves AC Performance 5.1.12 Small Power Amplifier Using NPN Transistor as Pre-stage 5.2 Compound tube output stage power amplifier 5.2.1 Circuit structure of compound tube output stage 5.2.2 Static parameters 5.2.3 Determination of excitation stage current 5.2.4 Determination of pre-stage static current and related resistance 5.2.5 Function of bootstrap capacitor 5.2.6 Virtual ground of excitation stage input 5.2.7 OCL circuit with dual power supply 5.2.8 AC coupling and DC coupling 5.2.9 Joubert circuit Chapter 6 Differential amplifier 6.1 Working principle of differential amplifier 6.1.1 Temperature drift 6.1.2 Circuit composition 6.1.3 Suppression of common-mode signals 6.1.4 Amplification of differential-mode signals 6.1.5 Voltage transfer characteristics of differential amplifiers 6.2 Three other connections of differential amplifiers 6.2.1 Dual-ended input - single-ended output 6.2.2 Single-ended input - dual-ended output 6.2.3 Single-ended input - single-ended output 6.2.4 Advantages of differential amplifiers 6.2.5 Differential amplifiers in integrated operational amplifiers 6.3 Observing waveforms of differential amplifiers 6.3.1 Circuit structure of differential amplifiers for experiments 6.3.2 Working principle of differential-mode amplifiers 6.3.3 Common-mode amplification base and collector waveforms 6.3.4 Common-mode amplification base and emitter waveforms 6.3.5 Common-mode voltage amplification factor and common-mode rejection ratio 6.3.6 Emitter series attenuation resistor reduces gain 6.3.7 Input and output impedance 6.4 Design of differential amplifier 6.4.1 Determination of constant current source parameters 6.4.2 Determination of power supply voltage 6.4.3 Determination of constant current source current 6.4.4 Determination of collector resistance 6.5 Application of differential amplifier in integrated operational amplifier Chapter 7 Differential input 7.1 The history, circuit structure and working mode of power amplifier 7.1.1 The history of power amplifier 7.1.2 The circuit structure of power amplifier 7.1.3 The working mode of power amplifier 7.2 The basic principle of differential power amplifier 7.2.1 How differential power amplifier works 7.2.2 Gain bandwidth product of power amplifier 7.2.3 Advantages of traditional power amplifier circuit 7.2.4 Negative feedback in power amplifier 7.3 Design of differential input stage power amplifier 7.3.1 The circuit structure of differential power amplifier 7.3.2 Calculation of static parameters (power supply voltage ±15V) 7.3.3 Dynamic parameter estimation 7.3.4 Working waveform 7.3.5 Power amplifier with NPN tube as input stage 7.4 Structural types of output stage 7.4.1 Emitter follower type 7.4.2 Inverted Darlington type 7.4.3 Quasi-complementary output stage 7.4.4 Triple structure output stage 7.4.5 Mechanism of large signal distortion 7.4.6 Parallel output of power tubes can reduce distortion 7.4.7 Power amplifier circuit with parallel output of power tubes Chapter 8 In-depth study of small signal amplifier stage 8.1 Differential input stage 8.1.1 Distortion generated by input stage 8.1.2 Distortion measurement of input stage separately 8.1.3 DC balance can reduce total harmonic distortion 8.1.4 Mirror current source load 8.1.5 Constant transconductance transformation of input stage 8.1.6 DC offset voltage 8.2 Voltage amplifier stage 8.2.1 Distortion of voltage amplifier stage 8.2.2 Simulation of voltage amplifier stage 8.2.3 Improving linearity of voltage amplifier stage: active load technology 8.2.4 Strengthening of voltage amplifier stage 8.2.5 Balanced voltage amplifier stage 8.2.6 “Small steel cannon” – balanced voltage amplifier stage power amplifier circuit example 8.2.750W (Class B) Hi-Fi amplifier 8.3 Amplifier conversion rate 8.3.1 Basic knowledge of amplifier rate limitation 8.3.2 Improving conversion rate 8.3.3 Effect of transistor inter-electrode capacitance penetration on Influence of conversion rate 8.3.4 Rate limitation in reality 8.3.5 Other factors affecting the rate 8.3.6 UBE multiplier circuit with current compensation function 8.3.7 Design example of 50W (Class AB) Hi-Fi amplifier with improved conversion rate Chapter 9 Analysis of power amplifier design examples 9.1 Fully complementary symmetric power amplifier 9.1.1 Complementary symmetric differential input stage 9.1.2 Voltage amplifier stage 9.1.3 Power output stage 9.1.4 Role of output inductor 9.1.5 High power 2SC5200 and 2SA1943 tube pair 9.2 Safe operation of power amplifier circuit 9.2.1 Secondary breakdown of power tube 9.2.2 Safety of power tube Working Area 9.2.3 Heat Dissipation Problem of Power Tube 9.3 Using LM3886 to Make a Dual Channel Amplifier 9.3.1 Introduction to LM3886 9.3.2 Circuit Structure and Working Principle Chapter 10 Design of Class A Power Amplifier 10.1 Quasi-Class A Power Amplifier 10.1.1 Working Analysis of Class A Power Amplifier Output Stage 10.1.2 Working Condition of Pre-input Stage of Quasi-Class A Power Amplifier 10.1.3 Quiescent Current of Excitation Stage of Quasi-Class A Power Amplifier 10.1.4 Current Distribution of Power Output Stage 10.1.5 Current Waveform of Power Output Stage 10.1.6 Power Supply Circuit and Indication 10.1.7 Field Effect Tube 2SK246, Transistor 2SC2240 and 2SA970 10.2 Integrated Operational Amplifier + Discrete Components Class A Power Amplifier 10.2.1 Circuit Structure and Working Principle 10.2.2 Key Components Conclusion References
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