The core content of this book is to model and evaluate within the scope of automotive electronic/electrical architecture. This is not limited to the scope of automotive electronics, but also involves the replacement of internal automotive components and understanding the components (computers) and bus systems used in the car. The characteristics of this book are that it gives an introduction before describing the subject, and then introduces the current state of automotive electronic/electrical technology, and explains the method of real-time evaluation of the timing system in the car, which will serve as an organic part of the automotive electronic/electrical development design process and part of the research purpose. This book is suitable for the following readers. 1) Readers who want to learn automotive electronic/electrical architecture. 2) Readers who have certain knowledge of electronic/electrical architecture and are interested in the timing evaluation of software and components and automotive networks. 3) Suitable as a textbook for the study of electronics, information and related majors. Preface Chapter 1 Introduction……1 1.1 Value chain and enterprise organizational structure……1 1.2 Product production cycle and R&D cycle……6 1.2.1 Product R&D process……6 1.2.2 Cooperation model between OEM and supplier……8 1.3 History of automotive electrical development……9 Chapter 2 Basics of automotive electronic/electrical architecture……13 2.1 Overview of electronic/electrical architecture……13 2.1.1 Functional scope of electronic/electrical architecture……15 2.1.2 Functional/software architecture……16 2.1.3 Network architecture……17 2.1.4 Topological architecture of components……21 2.1.5 Evaluation indicators of electronic/electrical architecture……23 2.2 The impact of laws and standards on electronic/electrical architecture……26 2.3 Design scheme of electronic/electrical architecture……32 2.3.1 Function-oriented design scheme of electronic/electrical architecture……33 2.3.2 Design scheme of electronic/electrical architecture with centralized control……34 2.3.3 Space-oriented master/slave electronic/electrical architecture design scheme…35 2.3.4 Module-oriented electronic/electrical architecture design scheme…36 2.4 Overview of real-time system evaluation…37 2.5 Methods for real-time system evaluation…39 Chapter 3 Software Architecture and Software Development…41 3.1 Software Architecture of Control Systems…42 3.1.1 OSEK/VDX…42 3.1.2 AUTOSAR…45 3.2 Software Development…53 3.3 Model-based Function Development…55 3.4 Case Study: Software Functions…58 Chapter 4 Electronic Control Unit and Real-time Computer Architecture…61 4.1 Composition of Electronic Control Unit and Its Application Conditions…61 4.2 Computer Architecture and Programmable Hardware…63 4.3 Processor Components…67 4.3.1 Processor Core…67 4.3.2 Data Channel…67 4.3.3 Memory Hierarchy…71 4.3.4 Interrupts…76 4.3.5 Multi-core architecture…77 4.4 CPU peripheral components…80 4.5 Case study: alternative architectures for ECUs…82 4.5.1 Initial situation…83 4.5.2 R&D team…84 4.5.3 Alternative architectures…85 4.5.4 Component assembly…85 4.5.5 Evaluation of alternative architectures…85 Chapter 5 Communication basics…91 5.1 Communication system…91 5.1.1 CAN…91 5.1.2 FlexRay…96 5.1.3 LIN…100 5.1.4 Communication based on Ethernet…102 5.2 Bus configuration…107 5.2.1 CAN bus configuration…108 5.2.2 FlexRay bus configuration…109 5.2.3 LIN bus configuration…109 5.3 Safety emergency communication…110 5.4 Case study…111 5.4.1 Example of CAN bus configuration…113 5.4.2 Example of FlexRay bus configuration…113 5.4.3 Routing table of gateway…113 Chapter 6 Terms and parameters for real-time evaluation…115 6.1 Embedded distributed real-time system…115 6.2 Definition of terms…115 6.3 Event model…118 6.3.1 Standard event model…118 6.3.2 Event model in AUTOSAR…119 6.3.3 Event model in CAN bus…120 6.4 Bias…121 6.5 Parameters for real-time evaluation…122 6.5.1 Parameters for software evaluation…122 6.5.2 Parameters for communication system evaluation…123 6.5.3 Parameters for embedded system evaluation…125 Chapter 7 Real-time evaluation of software…128 7.1 Analysis and determination of execution time…128 7.1.1 Worst-case execution time analysis…129 7.1.2 Principles of System and Program Analysis 133 7.2 Simulation Determination of Execution Time 134 7.3 Determination of Execution Time 135 7.4 Example: Evaluation of Software Execution Time 136 7.4.1 Available Tool Chains 137 7.4.2 Analysis of Execution Time 138 7.4.3 Determination of Execution Time 139 7.4.4 Comparison of Determined Execution Times 140 Chapter 8 Real-Time Evaluation of Components 142 8.1 Processor Scheduling and Job Response Time Analysis 142 8.2 Bus Arbitration and Message Response Time Analysis 146 8.2.1 CAN Bus 146 8.2.2 FlexRay Bus 149 8.2.3 LIN Bus 153 8.2.4 Ethernet AVB 154 8.3 Simulation at Component Level 159 8.4 Case Study 160 8.4.1 Analysis at ECU Level 160 8.4.2 Analysis of CAN Bus (Simplified) ……163 8.4.3 Analysis of CAN Bus (Complex) ……164 8.4.4 Analysis of FlexRay Bus ……166 8.4.5 Analysis of LIN Bus ……170 Chapter 9 Evaluation of Embedded Networks ……172 9.1 Analysis Methods for Evaluation of System Time Behavior ……172 9.1.1 Abstract Time Evaluation at System Level ……172 9.1.2 Real-Time Calculation ……180 9.1.3 Subsequent Work of TA/S System and RTC ……188 9.1.4 Automatic Timer with Model Checking ……190 9.2 Simulation Methods for Evaluation of Time System Behavior ……194 9.3 Case: Real-Time Analysis at System Level ……196 9.3.1 Case 1 ……196 9.3.2 Case 2 ……200 Appendix ……205 Appendix A Integer Linear Programming ……205 Appendix B Terminal Labeling and Control ……207 Terminology ……210 References...213
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