This book focuses on the control systems of conventional machine tools and CNC machine tools, and strives to highlight the characteristics of the combination of electromechanics and the use of electricity for machines. Starting from practical applications, it introduces various electrical components, control circuits and software programming in detail. This book is divided into 8 chapters, including relay-contactor control circuits, typical links, and analysis of commonly used machine tool electrical control circuits; basic knowledge, basic instructions and design applications of programmable controllers; servo motor principles and drives, inverter principles and applications; introduction to CNC machine tool electrical control systems. During the revision process, this book introduces readers to the control technologies commonly used in current mechanical equipment and the latest CNC system Siemens 828D, and has updated and modified some of the content to meet the requirements of scientific and technological progress. This book can be used as a textbook for undergraduate students majoring in mechanical design, manufacturing and automation, and can also be used as a reference book for students in higher vocational colleges, self-study examinations, and engineering and technical personnel in related majors. Preface Chapter 1 Commonly used low-voltage electrical appliances 1 11 Overview 1 111 Classification of commonly used low-voltage electrical appliances 1 112 Overview of the development of low-voltage electrical appliances in my country 2 113 Development trends of low-voltage electrical appliances at home and abroad 2 12 Knife switches 5 121 Open-type knife switches 5 122 Open-type load switches 5 123 Enclosed load switches 6 124 Combination switches 7 125 Graphic and text symbols for knife switches 8 13 Fuse 8 131 Structure and working principle of fuse 8 132 Commonly used low-voltage fuses 9 133 Graphic and text symbols for fuses 12 134 Selection of fuses 12 14 Circuit breakers 13 141 Classification of circuit breakers 13 142 Structure and working principle of circuit breakers 13 143 Protection characteristics of circuit breakers 14 144 Commonly used typical circuit breakers 15 145 Graphic and text symbols for circuit breakers 15 146 Selection of circuit breakers 16 15 Electromagnetic actuators 16 151 Electromagnetic mechanism 16 152 Electromagnet 20 153 Solenoid valve 21 154 Electromagnetic brake 23 16 Contactor 23 161 AC contactor 23 162 DC contactor 25 163 Graphic and text symbols of contactor 27 164 Selection of contactor 27 17 Relay 28 171 Electromagnetic current, voltage and intermediate relay 28 172 Thermal relay 31 173 Speed relay 35 174 Time relay 35 175 Reed relay 39 176 Solid-state relay 40 18 Master electrical appliance 42 181 Control button 42 182 Travel switch 43 183 Proximity switch 44 184 Master controller 44 185 Universal transfer switch 45 186 Photoelectric switch 46 187 Indicator light 46 19 Common low-voltage electrical faults and troubleshooting 47 191 Contact system faults and troubleshooting 47 192 Electromagnetic mechanism faults and troubleshooting 48 110 Exercises 48 Chapter 2 Basic Links of Electrical Control Circuits 50 21 Schematic Diagram, Installation Diagram and Interconnection Diagram of Control Circuits 50 211 Graphic Symbols and Text Symbols of Control Circuits 50 212 Classification and Function of Electrical Circuit Diagrams 52 22 Full Voltage Starting Control Circuit of Three-Phase Asynchronous Motors 54 221 Knife Switch Control Circuit 54 222 Inching Control Circuit 55 223 Self-locking (Long-acting) Control Circuit 55 224 Forward and Reverse Control Circuit 56 225 Sequential Control and Multi-location Control Circuit 58 23 Reduced-pressure Starting Control Circuit of Three-Phase Cage-type Asynchronous Motors 59 231 Reduced-pressure Starting Control Circuit of Stator Circuit Series Resistance 59 232 Star-Delta Reduced-pressure Starting Control Circuit 61 233 Autotransformer Reduced-pressure Starting Control Circuit 62 234 Yanbian Delta Reduced-pressure Starting Control Circuit 64 235 Soft Starter Control Circuit 65 24 Speed Regulation Control Circuit of Three-Phase Asynchronous Motors 67 241 Multi-speed control circuit of cage-type asynchronous motor 67 242 Electromagnetic slip clutch speed control circuit of motor 70 25 Braking control circuit of three-phase asynchronous motor 73 251 Energy-consuming braking control circuit of cage-type asynchronous motor 73 252 Reverse braking control circuit of cage-type asynchronous motor 76 26 Stroke control circuit 77 261 Reversible stroke control circuit 77 262 Application example of stroke control circuit 78 27 Comprehensive protection of motor 81 28 Exercises 82 Chapter 3 Typical electrical control circuit of mechanical equipment 84 31 Basic knowledge of drawing and reading electrical schematic diagram of mechanical equipment 84 32 Electrical control circuit of horizontal lathe 85 321 Main structure and motion form of CA6140 horizontal lathe 85 322 Analysis of electrical control circuit of CA6140 horizontal lathe 86 33 Electrical control circuit of surface grinder 87 331 Main structure and motion form of M7120A surface grinder 87 332 Analysis of the electrical control circuit of the M7120A surface grinder 87 34 Electrical control circuit of the drilling machine 90 341 The main structure and movement form of the Z37 radial drilling machine 90 342 Analysis of the electrical control circuit of the Z37 radial drilling machine 91 343 Analysis of the electrical fault of the Z37 radial drilling machine 94 35 Electrical control circuit of the universal milling machine 94 351 The main structure and movement form of the X6132 horizontal universal milling machine 94 352 Analysis of the electrical control circuit of the X6132 horizontal universal milling machine 95 353 Analysis of the electrical fault of the X6132 horizontal universal milling machine 100 36 Electrical control circuit of the electric hoist 101 361 The structure of the electric hoist 101 362 Analysis of the control circuit of the electric hoist 102 37 Exercises 102 Chapter 4 Structure and characteristics of programmable controllers 103 41 Overview of programmable controllers 103 411 The Origin of PLC 103 412 Definition, Classification and Characteristics of PLC 104 413 Functions and Applications of PLC 105 414 Development Trend of PLC 106 415 Composition and Basic Structure of PLC 106 42 Introduction to S7-200 Series PLC 110 421 System of S7-200 Series PLC 110 422 Working Principle of S7-200 Series PLC 112 43 Internal Components of S7-200 PLC 113 431 Data Type 113 432 Addressing Mode 114 433 Component Function and Address Allocation 115 44 Use of STEP7-Micro/WIN V40 Programming Software 118 441 Introduction to STEP7-Micro/WIN V40 Programming Software 118 442 Main Programming Functions of STEP7-Micro/WIN V40 119 45 Exercises 126 Chapter 5 Application of Basic PLC Instructions 127 51PLC Programming Language and Program Structure 127 52Basic Bit Logic Instructions and Applications 129 521Basic Bit Logic Instructions 129 522Basic Bit Logic Instructions Application Examples 136 53Application of Timer Instructions 140 531Timer Instructions 140 532Application Examples of Timer Instructions 142 54Application of Counter Instructions 146 541Counter Instructions 146 542Application Examples of Counter Instructions 147 55Ladder Diagram Editing Methods 149 56Exercises 150 Chapter 6 PLC Function Instructions and Applications 153 61Program Control Instructions 153 611Conditional End (END) Instruction 153 612Stop (STOP) Instruction 153 613Jump (JMP) and Label (LBL) Instructions 154 614Loop Instructions (FOR, NEXT) 154 615Subroutine Instructions 155 62Step Sequence Control Instructions 159 621 Introduction to function flow chart 159 622 Sequential control instructions 159 623 Basic structure of sequential function chart 160 624 Programming application examples of sequential control system 161 63 Function instructions 171 64 Some issues of PLC application 179 641 Design and debugging steps of control system 179 642 Methods of saving PLC input and output points 180 643 Anti-interference measures of control system 181 644 Safety protection of PLC 182 65 Communication of PLC and automation communication network 183 66 Communication function of S7-200 PLC 185 67 Serial communication network of S7-200 PLC 188 68 S7-200PLC communication instructions 189 69 Communication between computer and PLC using free port mode 190 610 Exercises 193 Chapter 7 Principles and applications of servo motors and frequency converters 196 71 Stepper motor 196 711 Overview of stepper motors 196 712 Structure and working principle of stepper motors 197 713 Stepper motor drive 201 714 Precautions for the use of three-phase stepper motors 207 72 AC servo motor 207 721 Overview of AC servo motors 207 722 Structure and working principle of AC servo motors 209 723 Drive of AC servo motors 215 724 Precautions for the use of AC servo motors 235 73 Principles and applications of frequency converters 235 731 Overview of frequency converters 235 732 Basic structure and principle of frequency converters 237 733 Application of frequency converters 241 734 Precautions for the use of frequency converters 260 74 Exercises 261 Chapter 8 Electrical Control System of CNC Machine Tools 262 81 Basic Structure and Overview of CNC System of Machine Tools 262 811 Structure of CNC System of Machine Tools 262 812 Overall Structure and Functions of Each Part of Computer CNC System 266 813 Characteristics and Selection of Servo Motors 269 814 Component Connection of CNC System 271 82 Debugging of Basic Parameters of CNC System 285 821 Preparations before Debugging 285 822 Initial Power-on of CNC System 287 823 System Initialization 288 824 Design and Debugging of PLC Application Programs 291 825 Debugging of Drivers 297 826 NC Debugging 304 83 Example of CNC System: Automatic Processing System of Carbon Electrodes (Special Machine for External Cylindrical Turning) 328 831 Automatic Processing System of Carbon Electrodes 328 832 System Debugging 333 833 Debugging of Special Functions of Servo Control System 336 84 Exercises 339 Appendix 341 Appendix A Comparison table of old and new commonly used graphic symbols and text symbols in electrical diagrams 341 Appendix B Siemens S7-200 series PLC instruction table 348 References 358
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